a.) Warming the extraction buffer and tissue sample helps to facilitate the breakdown of cell membranes and release of DNA from the nucleus. The heat helps to disrupt the bonds between the DNA and proteins, making it easier for the DNA to be extracted.
b.) Guanine hydrochloride is a salt that is often added to DNA extraction buffers to aid in the purification of DNA. It helps to remove contaminants and other unwanted substances from the sample, leaving only the DNA behind.
c.) 95% ethanol is added to the DNA sample to help precipitate the DNA out of solution. DNA is not soluble in ethanol, so when it is added to the sample, the DNA molecules will clump together and become visible as a white, stringy material. This allows the DNA to be easily collected and purified for use in further experiments.
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The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the
a. endomysium
b. perimysium
c. tendon
d. fascicle
e. epimysium
The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the e. epimysium.
The epimysium is a tough, fibrous layer of connective tissue that encases the entire skeletal muscle. It is located on the outermost layer of the muscle and provides structural support and protection. The epimysium blends with the tendons at the ends of the muscle, allowing for the transmission of force from the muscle to the bone during muscle contraction.
The other options mentioned (endomysium, perimysium, tendon, and fascicle) are also connective tissue components of the muscle structure but have different locations and functions. The endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers, the perimysium surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles, tendons connect muscles to bones, and fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers within the muscle.
Understanding the various layers of connective tissue in skeletal muscles is important in comprehending the organization and functioning of muscles in the body.
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Question 1. If you were to engineer some non- adhesive cells to express E-cadherin at either high levels or low levels and then mixed the E-cadherin high cells with the E-cadherin low cells, what do you predict will happen?
If non-adhesive cells were engineered to express E-cadherin at either high or low levels Also, cells expressing low levels of E-cadherin would be more likely to remain loosely associated .
E-cadherin is a transmembrane protein that plays a critical role in mediating cell-cell adhesion in epithelial tissues. . This effect could potentially be enhanced or diminished by other factors such as cell motility or the presence of other adhesion molecules, but E-cadherin is a critical determinant of cell-cell adhesion in many contexts.
E-cadherin would be more likely to form strong, cohesive clusters with each other, while cells expressing low levels of E-cadherin would be more likely to remain loosely associated or separate from the group altogether. E-cadherin would be more likely to remain loosely associated or detach from the group altogether.
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Carbon can be found in shells and sedimentary rock at the bottom of oceans in the form of...
Carbon can be found in shells and sedimentary rock at the bottom of oceans in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which is produced by marine organisms such as mollusks, corals, and foraminifera.
These organisms extract dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) from seawater and convert it into calcium carbonate through a process known as calcification.
Over time, the shells and skeletons of these organisms can accumulate on the ocean floor and become buried in sedimentary rock, which can serve as a long-term carbon sink.
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Determine whether the shared trait is a synapomorphy or a homoplasy Octopuses, mammals, and some jellyfish have eyes that contain a lens for focusing light Eyes with a lens were not present in the common ancestor of these animals. Is an eye with a lens a synapomorphy or a homoplasy?
An eye with a lens is a homoplasy in this case. While octopuses, mammals, and some jellyfish all have eyes with a lens, it was not present in their common ancestor.
Therefore, it is not a shared derived trait, or synapomorphy, but rather a result of convergent evolution. The ability to focus light through a lens has evolved independently in these groups, which makes it a homoplasy.
An eye with a lens is a homoplasy in this case. A synapomorphy is a shared derived trait that originated in the common ancestor of the group and has been inherited by all of its descendants. However, eyes with lenses were not present in the common ancestor of octopuses, mammals, and jellyfish.
Instead, the eyes with lenses have evolved independently in each of these groups through convergent evolution. Homoplasy is the term used to describe a shared trait that has evolved independently in multiple lineages and is not a result of inheritance from a common ancestor.
Therefore, the presence of eyes with a lens in octopuses, mammals, and some jellyfish is an example of homoplasy.
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Biologists at the University of California (Riverside) are studying the patterns of extinction in the New Zealand bird population. (Evolutionary Ecology Research, July 2003.) At the time of the Maori colonization of New Zealand (prior to European contact), the following variables were measured for each bird species:
a. Flight capability (volant or flightless)
b. Type of habitat (aquatic, ground terrestrial, or aerial terrestrial)
c. Nesting site (ground, cavity within ground, tree, cavity above ground)
d. Nest density (high or low)
e. Diet (fish, vertebrates, vegetables, or invertebrates)
f. Body mass (grams)
g. Egg length (millimeters)
h. Extinct status (extinct, absent from island, present) Identify each variable as quantitative or qualitative.
Variables a, b, c, d, e, and h are qualitative, while variables f and g are quantitative.
Identify each variable as quantitative or qualitative. Here's the list of variables with their classification:
a. Flight capability (volant or flightless) - Qualitative
b. Type of habitat (aquatic, ground terrestrial, or aerial terrestrial) - Qualitative
c. Nesting site (ground, cavity within ground, tree, cavity above ground) - Qualitative
d. Nest density (high or low) - Qualitative
e. Diet (fish, vertebrates, vegetables, or invertebrates) - Qualitative
f. Body mass (grams) - Quantitative
g. Egg length (millimeters) - Quantitative
h. Extinct status (extinct, absent from island, present) - Qualitative
The paragraph provides a list of variables and their classifications as either qualitative or quantitative. The variables a through e, which are flight capability, type of habitat, nesting site, nest density, and diet, are all classified as qualitative variables.
On the other hand, variables f and g, which are body mass and egg length, respectively, are classified as quantitative variables. Finally, variable h, which is the extinct status of the organism, is also classified as a qualitative variable.
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Sort the following steps for repairing double-strand breaks by homologous recombination
a) Ligation
b) DNA synthesis using undamaged DNA as template
c) DNA synthesis using original DNA as template
d) Release of the invading strand
e) Strand invasion
f) Nuclease digestion (resection)
The steps for repairing double-strand breaks by homologous recombination is:
f) Nuclease digestion (resection)e) Strand invasionb) DNA synthesis using undamaged DNA as templated) Release of the invading strandc) DNA synthesis using original DNA as templatea) LigationHere are the steps on how homologous recombination is used to repair double-strand breaks:Nuclease digestion (resection) - Double-strand breaks are first resected by nucleases, creating single-stranded DNA overhangs.Strand invasion - The single-stranded DNA overhangs then invade the homologous DNA sequence, pairing with the complementary strand.DNA synthesis using undamaged DNA as template - Once the strand has invaded, DNA synthesis occurs, using the undamaged DNA as a template to repair the broken strand.Release of the invading strand - After DNA synthesis, the invading strand is released, and the repaired DNA strand returns to its original duplex.DNA synthesis using original DNA as template - The remaining gap in the original DNA is filled by synthesizing new DNA using the original DNA as a template.Ligation - Finally, the DNA strands are joined together by ligases, completing the repair process.This process ensures the accurate repair of double-strand breaks by utilizing homologous DNA sequences as a template for repairing the broken strands.
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The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40 ________.
A) is slower in females than in males
B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton
C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
D) is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans
The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40 option C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization.
What is osteoporosis?
As we age, our bones undergo a natural process of losing mass and density, which is known as bone loss or osteoporosis. This process begins around the age of 40 and is characterized by incomplete osteon formation and mineralization, leading to a decrease in bone strength and an increased risk of fractures.
The rate of bone loss may vary between individuals, but it is generally slower in females than in males. It is also not absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton, as certain areas may experience more rapid bone loss than others. Ethnicity can also play a role in the rate of bone loss, with some studies suggesting that African Americans may have a higher risk of osteoporosis than Northern Europeans.
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4. The circulatory system brings _____ to your cells and removes ________ from your cells.
oxygen, carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide, nutrients
nutrients, oxygen
oxygen, nutrients
Answer:
brings oxygen, removes carbon dioxide
Answer:
The answer is oxygen, carbon dioxide.
Explanation:
Hope this helps!!
Knowing the importance of the Essential Elements, why would someone chose a diet that does not address all of them?
There are several reasons why someone might choose a diet that does not address all of the essential elements. Some of these reasons include; Personal preferences, Dietary restrictions, Lack of knowledge, Cost, and Cultural or religious beliefs.
Some people may simply prefer certain types of food over others, and may choose to exclude certain essential elements from their diet as a result.
Some individuals may have dietary restrictions or food allergies that prevent them from consuming certain essential elements. For example, someone with celiac disease cannot consume gluten, which is found in many grains.
Some individuals may not be aware of the importance of the essential elements or may not know which foods contain them.
Certain foods that are rich in essential elements can be more expensive, making them difficult for some individuals to include in their diet.
Some individuals may have cultural or religious beliefs that dictate what they can and cannot eat, which may impact their ability to consume certain essential elements.
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The distribution of phytoplankton in the ocean is directly influenced by the distribution of nutrients. (True or False)
True, the distribution of phytoplankton in the ocean is directly influenced by the distribution of nutrients. Phytoplankton, which are microscopic marine plants, rely on nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron for their growth and reproduction. These nutrients typically originate from upwelling, river runoff, and the decomposition of organic matter in the water column.
Ocean currents and water circulation patterns play a significant role in distributing nutrients, which in turn affects the spatial distribution of phytoplankton. Areas with a higher concentration of nutrients typically have a higher abundance of phytoplankton. In contrast, nutrient-poor regions, such as the open ocean gyres, are characterized by lower phytoplankton populations.
In addition to nutrients, other factors like sunlight and temperature also impact phytoplankton distribution. Optimal light conditions and warmer waters can enhance their growth rates. To summarize, the distribution of phytoplankton in the ocean is directly influenced by the availability of nutrients, with ocean currents and circulation patterns playing a significant role in this process.
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symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility. true or false ?
The given statement "symphyses are synarthrotic joints that are designed for strength with flexibility" is true. They provide stability and support to the body, while also allowing for some degree of movement and flexibility.
Symphyses are specialized cartilaginous joints that connect two bones together. They are found primarily in the midline of the body, such as in the pubic symphysis, the joint that connects the two pubic bones in the pelvic girdle, and in the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.
The strength of symphyses comes from the fibrocartilaginous material that forms the joint. This material is strong and flexible, allowing the bones to move slightly while still maintaining their connection.
This flexibility is important for absorbing shocks and forces that are transmitted through the body, such as during walking, jumping, and other physical activities.
Symphyses also provide a degree of stability to the body, as they help to distribute the weight of the body evenly across the bones. This is important for maintaining balance and preventing injuries
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(a)
Part A
Which statement best explains what caused some theropods to develop feathers?
A
A mutation in DNA affected the types of proteins produced by placodes.
B
A protein in the placodes caused a mutation in the gene that produces feathers.
C
A mutation in the placode gene caused placodes to produce different DNA.
D
A mutation in DNA caused the placodes that control genes to grow feathers.
Answer:
d
Explanation:
i have a 90 and get 100s in my biology exams going to 10th grade
B. How do you use a spectrometer to tell the light of a firefly?
Answer:
I wish I knew a direct answer to this but this all i got
Explanation:
SUBJECTS:Absorption,Bioluminescence,
The crystal structures of the pure, unsubstituted firefly emitter oxyluciferin (OxyLH2) and its 5-methyl analogue (MOxyLH2) were determined for the first time to reveal that both molecules exist as pure trans-enol forms, enol-OxyLH2 and enol-MOxyLH2, assembled as head-to-tail hydrogen-bonded dimers. Their steady-state absorption and emission spectra (in solution and in the solid state) and nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence decays (in solution) were recorded and assigned to the six possible trans chemical forms of the emitter and its anions. The spectra of the pure emitter were compared to its bioluminescence and fluorescence spectra when it is complexed with luciferase from the Japanese firefly (Luciola cruciata) and interpreted in terms of the intermolecular interactions based on the structure of the emitter in the luciferase active site.
Answer:
To use a spectrometer to analyze the light of a firefly, you would first need to collect a sample of the light emitted by the firefly. This could be done by placing the firefly in a small container or by using a light-collecting instrument to capture the light emitted by the firefly.
Once you have a sample of the light, you would need to direct it through the spectrometer. A spectrometer is a device that separates light into its component wavelengths and measures the intensity of each wavelength. To do this, the light sample would be directed through a narrow slit and onto a diffraction grating, which separates the light into its component wavelengths. The separated wavelengths are then focused onto a detector, which measures the intensity of each wavelength.
The resulting spectrum would show the different wavelengths of light emitted by the firefly, with each wavelength corresponding to a different color. By analyzing the spectrum, you could determine the specific wavelengths of light emitted by the firefly, which would provide information about the chemical composition of the light and potentially help to identify the specific species of firefly.
Thermal denaturation experiments were carried out at pH 7 and pH 13. Explain why the melting temperature, T_m, decreases from pH 7 to pH 13. alpha-keratin and collagen both rely on quaternary interactions where single fibers wrap around each other to form stronger bundles. But they use different methods to form these bundles. Briefly compare the two different ways alpha-keratin and collagen form their bundles.
In thermal denaturation experiments, the melting temperature (T_m) decreases from pH 7 to pH 13 due to changes in the protein structure.
Alpha-keratin and collagen both rely on quaternary interactions to form stronger bundles, but they use different methods. Alpha-keratin forms bundles through coiled-coil interactions, where two alpha-helices twist around each other, stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds. In contrast, collagen forms bundles through a triple helix structure, where three polypeptide chains intertwine and are stabilized by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions.
At a higher pH, like pH 13, the increased hydroxide ion concentration can disrupt the quaternary interactions that stabilize the protein, leading to a lower T_m. Overall, both alpha-keratin and collagen use quaternary interactions to form strong bundles, but they differ in the specific structures and interactions involved.
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What were the conditions that were required to convert the body fluids and gases of dead
and buried microscopic organisms into petroleum? Select all that apply.
A. cold temperature
B. moisture
C. pressure
D. absence of oxygen
E. lots of oxygen
Answer: A. cold temperature + C. pressure + D. absence of oxygen
Explanation: The conditions required to convert the body fluids and gases of dead and buried microscopic organisms into petroleum are cold temperature, pressure, and absence of oxygen. These conditions allow the organic materials to be preserved and transformed over millions of years into fossil fuels like petroleum. Moisture and lots of oxygen would actually hinder the formation of petroleum by promoting the growth of microorganisms that break down organic matter.
vasoconstriction of the ____________ arterioles occurs during the fight-or-flight response or exercise. this will ____________ blood flow to the heart and working skeletal muscle.
vasoconstriction of the peripheral arterioles occurs during the fight-or-flight response or exercise. this will increases blood flow to the heart and working skeletal muscle.
The sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response or exercise by initiating a cascade of physiological events.
During these situations, vasoconstriction of the peripheral arterioles occurs. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels due to contraction of the smooth muscle cells in their walls, which reduces blood flow to the area. This response decreases blood flow to the peripheral areas of the body, including the skin and digestive tract, and increases blood flow to the working skeletal muscle and heart.
This ensures that the body has sufficient oxygen and nutrients to enable quick and efficient movement. Additionally, it increases the heart rate and blood pressure to enable the body to respond quickly and efficiently to the stimulus.
In summary, vasoconstriction of the peripheral arterioles during the fight-or-flight response or exercise reduces blood flow to the peripheral areas of the body and increases blood flow to the heart and working skeletal muscle. This allows the body to have sufficient oxygen and nutrients to enable quick and efficient movement in response to the stimulus.
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Which geographical area should I focus on?
What is it about endangered animals that I want to focus on?
Is there an issue or result about endangered species that I'm interested in learning more about?
Narrowed down topic: The effect of losing an endangered species in the Amazon.
what is plant biology definition
Answer:
you answer is
Explanation:
The branch of science that studies plants is called botany (or plant biology)
how could you prove the substance you extracted was dna?
To prove the substance you extracted was DNA, you can perform a UV spectrophotometry test.
DNA absorbs UV light at a wavelength of 260 nm, and a 260/280 nm ratio of ~1.8 indicates DNA purity. Next, use gel electrophoresis, where DNA fragments of varying sizes will separate when subjected to an electric field. DNA will appear as distinct bands on the gel, confirming its presence.
Additionally, perform restriction enzyme digestion to cut DNA at specific sequences, creating a unique band pattern when visualized through gel electrophoresis. This pattern serves as a molecular fingerprint, further confirming the extracted substance is DNA.
Lastly, you can use a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify specific DNA regions, followed by DNA sequencing to confirm the presence of expected nucleotide sequences. These methods combined will provide strong evidence that the substance you extracted is indeed DNA.
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Which of the following is true of cytotoxic T cells?
Question 31 options:
They secrete granzymes and perforins that directly damage target cells.
They are activated by free, soluble antigens.
They lack specificity for antigen.
They secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells.
The correct answer is: They secrete granzymes and perforins that directly damage target cells.
What are cytotoxic cells?
Cytotoxic T cells are a type of T cell that is able to recognize and directly kill infected or abnormal cells. They do this by releasing substances such as granzymes and perforins, which can damage and kill the target cell. Interleukin-2 is a cytokine that is secreted by helper T cells to stimulate the proliferation and activation of other immune cells, but it is not directly involved in the cytotoxic activity of T cells. They secrete granzymes and perforins, which are molecules that can induce target cell death by creating pores in the target cell membrane and triggering apoptosis. These cells are specific for antigens presented on the surface of target cells and play an essential role in the adaptive immune response.
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16. How many breaths per minute would you expect to have while hiking (an intense exercise)?
15 breaths per minute
1 breath per minute
30 breaths per minute
5 breaths per minute
Answer:
30 breaths per minute
Explanation:
While hiking, an intense exercise, you would expect to have around 30 breaths per minute. This is because your body is working harder to supply your muscles with oxygen to keep up with the increased physical demands.
using what you have learned in this course so far explain how a complex trait like insect wings might have evolved.
Complex traits such as insect wings is a complex and multifactorial process that likely involves a combination of genetic, developmental, and environmental factors.
In general , genetic level, the evolution of insect wings may have been driven by mutations in key regulatory genes that control the development and patterning of the body plan. Environmental factors may also have played a role in the evolution of insect wings. For example, changes in climate or habitat may have selected for insects with greater mobility or the ability to fly.
Over time, these structures may have become larger and more complex, potentially providing selective advantages such as increased mobility, escape from predators, or access to new food sources.
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Little Spyro has wings and can breathe fire. He does not know his genotype. How can Spyro find out his genotype?
Answer:
Unfortunately, Spyro cannot find out his genotype just by knowing that he has wings and can breathe fire. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, which determines its physical and behavioral characteristics. In order to determine his genotype, Spyro would need to have a genetic test performed. This would involve analyzing his DNA to identify specific genetic markers that are associated with wing development and fire-breathing abilities. Without such testing, Spyro's genotype would remain unknown.
Explanation:
What are the different ways fats are broken down
Answer:
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are digested in the intestine, where they are broken down into their basic units: Carbohydrates into sugars. Proteins into amino acids. Fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
In replicating circular DNA, the "bubble" or "eye" shapes that are observed, are called ______ structures.
Answer: Theata
Explanation:
Theta is an intermediate structure formed during the replication of circular DNA molecule :)
which characteristics are unique to cervical vertebrae only? choose the best answer.
The characteristics that are unique to cervical vertebrae only include the presence of transverse foramina and bifid (split) spinous processes. These features are specific to the cervical region of the skeleton.
Unique characteristics of cervical vertebrae include the presence of a foramen (hole) in the transverse process called the transverse foramen, and a small, bifid (split) spinous process. These features are specific to cervical vertebrae within the skeleton and not found in other types of vertebrae.
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The characteristics that are unique to cervical vertebrae only include the presence of transverse foramina and bifid (split) spinous processes. These features are specific to the cervical region of the skeleton.
Unique characteristics of cervical vertebrae include the presence of a foramen (hole) in the transverse process called the transverse foramen, and a small, bifid (split) spinous process. These features are specific to cervical vertebrae within the skeleton and not found in other types of vertebrae.
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Sedimentary rocks preserve ____.
A. the remains of organisms that lived on the earth's surface
B. a record of environments
C. fossils
D. the record of life
E. a record of events
AB. all of the above are preserved in sedimentary rock
Answer: AB. All of the above are preserved in sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediment, which may include the remains of organisms, minerals, and other materials. As a result, sedimentary rocks can preserve a wide range of information, including the remains of organisms, a record of past environments, fossils, the record of life, and a record of events.
Explanation:
3. Primate evolution
Human beings belong to a subgroup of mammals known as ______. Humans are classified in this group because humans have ______. Models of human evolution are always being updated as new fossils and genetic research techniques are discovered, but the current understanding of human evolution is that humans _____ other mammals such as chimpanzees and bonobos.
You can see the adaptations of humans and extinct humanlike species, known collectively as _____, by studying the change in the shape of skulls over time. The image shows the skulls of four species that are likely ancestors to humans
The correct filling is primate evolution. Fur, evolved from, hominins.
What is evolution?Evolution is the process of change over time in the genetic composition of a population. It is driven by genetic mutations and natural selection which result in new forms of life with different characteristics than the original population. Evolution is the mechanism for all of the diversity of life on Earth, and it has been occurring for billions of years. It is the basis of the theory of common descent, which states that all species are related, and descended from a single common ancestor. Evolution occurs through a variety of processes, including genetic drift, natural selection, and gene flow. The evidence for evolution comes from a wide range of fields, including genetics, paleontology, zoology, and anthropology.
Hominins are a group of primates that include modern humans, extinct human-like species, and our closest living relatives - chimpanzees and bonobos. Through fossil evidence and genetic research, we can track the changes in the skulls of hominins over time in order to understand the evolution of humans.
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During meiosis I, assuming no crossing over, what chromatid combination(s) will be present at the completion of prophase I?
Select all that apply.Am Ap
Cm Cp
Am Am
Bm Cp
Bm Bm
Ap Ap
Bm Bp
Bp BpAm Bp
Cm Cm
Cp Cp
During meiosis I, chromatid combination(s) will be present at the completion of prophase I as: Am Ap, Cm Cp, Bm Bm, and Ap Ap.
During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. However, assuming no crossing over occurs, each homologous pair of chromosomes will consist of two chromatids. Therefore, the possible chromatid combinations at the completion of prophase I are determined by the different combinations of homologous chromosomes that can pair up.
Option A: Am Ap - This represents a pair of homologous chromosomes with one chromatid containing the maternal allele (Am) and the other containing the paternal allele (Ap).
Option B: Bm Cp, Bm Bp, and Am Bp - These combinations represent pairs of non-homologous chromosomes, which cannot occur during meiosis I.
Option C: Cm Cp - This represents a pair of homologous chromosomes with both chromatids containing either the maternal (Cm) or paternal (Cp) allele.
Option D: Ap Ap - This represents a pair of homologous chromosomes with both chromatids containing the paternal allele (Ap).
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Achondroplasia across the species
Genotype: 25% LL, 50% Ll, 25% ll. Phenotype: 25% Long legged, 50% Medium legged, 25% Short legged. Phenotypic ratio⇒ 1:2:1. Yes, there are 50% chances of having only medium-legged chicks. Incomplete dominance is influencing leg length.
What is incomplete dominance?
Incomplete dominance is an inheritance pattern that occurs when neither of the two involved alleles is entirely dominant over the other one. In this case, the heterozygous organism’s phenotype is different from homozygous phenotypes, and expresses as a mixture of them. This third phenotype is an intermediate between both homozygous parents.
The exposed example is a case of incomplete dominance.
Let is name the alleles as L (coding for long) and l (coding for short).
There are three possibe phenotypes,
LL ⇒ Long legsLl ⇒ Medium legsll ⇒ Short legsCross: Between two medium-legged animals
Parentals) Ll x Ll
Gametes) L l L l
Punnett square) L l
L LL Ll
l Ll ll
F1)
1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous LL and express long legs2/4 = 50% of the progeny is expected to be heterozygous Ll and express medium legs1/4 = 25% of the progeny is expected to be homozygous ll and express short legsOffspring Genotype%
25% LL50% Ll25% llOffspring Phenotype%
25% Long legged50% Medium legged25% Short leggedPhenotypic ratio⇒ 1:2:1 ⇒ 1/4 Long : 2/4 Medium : 1/4 Short
Medium-legged cabos carry both alleles, L and l, which means that during fertilization there are
25% chances that both L alleles combine producing a LL genotype, 50% chances that L and l combine producing Ll genotype,25% chances that both l alleles combine to produce ll genotype.These are expected ratios, but it does not mean the progeny will obligatory express this distribution. It depends on how alleles combine during fertilization.
If by chance, when crossing two medium-legged animals, the allele combination only occur between L and l (not L-L and not l-l), then it is possible to have only medium-legged animals.
There are 50% chances of having only medium-legged chabos.
Incomplete dominance is influencing the leg length.
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