_____are complete and functional enzymes. these are made of protein components called ____as well as any required .

The correct statement is the immediate products of glycogen phosphorylase are glucose 1-P and glycogen (n-1) (Option C).

a. The branch points in glycogen are actually alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds, not alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds are found between glucose units in the linear chains of glycogen.

b. Glycogen phosphorylase in the muscle is not activated by ATP; instead, it is inhibited by ATP. This enzyme is activated by AMP and inactivated by ATP, as high levels of ATP indicate sufficient energy in the muscle cells.

c. This statement is true. Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves the alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds, releasing glucose 1-phosphate and leaving glycogen with one less glucose unit (glycogen n-1).

d. Glycogen phosphorylase in the liver is not activated by glucose. It is regulated by hormones, such as glucagon and insulin, which affect its phosphorylation state. Glucagon promotes glycogenolysis by activating glycogen phosphorylase, while insulin inhibits it.

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Green plants, algae, and some microorganisms transform solar energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar) through a process known as photosynthesis. Pigments like chlorophyll, which is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells, absorb light as part of the process.

Since photosynthesis is the main way energy enters the food chain, it is essential to the ecosystem. The majority of terrestrial food webs are built around plants, and because to their capacity to manufacture glucose through photosynthesis, they also offer the energy that keeps all other life on Earth going.

The majority of living things require oxygen to breathe, and oxygen plays a crucial function in the atmosphere of the Earth by maintaining the balance of gases required for life. Oxygen is created during photosynthesis. In addition to eliminating carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, photosynthesis is also crucial for maintaining the Earth's temperature and preventing global warming. Life as we know it now would not exist on Earth without photosynthesis.

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the Answer is true for colic in horses

The minimum number of nucleotides in an mRNA coding for this polypeptide chain is 423 nucleotides.

Determining the number of nucleotides:

To determine the minimum number of nucleotides in an mRNA coding for the alpha chain of eukaryotic hemoglobin, we need to consider the following terms: "nucleotide", "base pair", and "hemoglobin". A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. A base pair refers to the two complementary nucleotides that pair up in a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood, and its alpha chain is composed of 141 amino acids. In order to code for a specific amino acid, a sequence of three nucleotides, known as a codon, is required. Therefore, to calculate the minimum number of nucleotides needed in the mRNA sequence, multiply the number of amino acids by the number of nucleotides per codon: Minimum number of nucleotides = 141 amino acids x 3 nucleotides per codon Minimum number of nucleotides = 423 nucleotides So, the minimum number of nucleotides in an mRNA coding for the alpha chain of eukaryotic hemoglobin is 423 nucleotides.

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The minimum number of nucleotides in an mRNA coding for this polypeptide chain is 423 nucleotides.

Determining the number of nucleotides:

To determine the minimum number of nucleotides in an mRNA coding for the alpha chain of eukaryotic hemoglobin, we need to consider the following terms: "nucleotide", "base pair", and "hemoglobin". A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. A base pair refers to the two complementary nucleotides that pair up in a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood, and its alpha chain is composed of 141 amino acids. In order to code for a specific amino acid, a sequence of three nucleotides, known as a codon, is required. Therefore, to calculate the minimum number of nucleotides needed in the mRNA sequence, multiply the number of amino acids by the number of nucleotides per codon: Minimum number of nucleotides = 141 amino acids x 3 nucleotides per codon Minimum number of nucleotides = 423 nucleotides So, the minimum number of nucleotides in an mRNA coding for the alpha chain of eukaryotic hemoglobin is 423 nucleotides.

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C-14 radiometric dating estimates organic material ages.

This approach uses carbon-14's radioactive decay rate. After death, carbon-14 in tissues decays. Scientists may estimate the organism's age by comparing the sample's residual carbon-14 to its original quantity.

A sample of firewood from an early Indian encampment would be analysed for C-14 radiometric dating. After cleaning the wood, accelerator mass spectrometry would measure the carbon-14 content. The results would be compared to a calibration curve that accounts for carbon-14 degradation and other variables that might impair technique accuracy.

Scientists measure firewood age by comparing carbon-14 levels to the calibration curve. This information may date the location where the firewood was discovered and provide light on its inhabitants.

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If you are exercising very hard and your respiratory system is not keeping up with your oxygen demands, your cells would use the fermentation pathway.

During intense exercise, the body requires a large amount of energy in the form of ATP to fuel muscle contractions.

When there is not enough oxygen available to the cells, such as during anaerobic exercise or when the respiratory system cannot supply enough oxygen, cells switch to anaerobic respiration, which produces ATP through the process of fermentation.

During fermentation, glucose is converted into lactate, which produces a small amount of ATP, allowing muscle cells to continue contracting. However, this process is less efficient than aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and produces more ATP. As lactate accumulates in the muscle tissue, it can cause muscle fatigue and soreness.

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Answer:

Dark Red

Explanation:

The blood that travels back to the heart and lungs is dark red. It has picked up carbon dioxide from the body cells, and it has left most of its oxygen with the cells. We can think of the dark colored, carbon dioxide-rich blood as "used” blood. This is the blood that the heart pumps into the lungs.

Answer:

The answer is Dark Red.

Explanation:

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Hi! The mutation to the pelvic switch region of the Pitx1 gene affected the transcription stage of the gene expression process. Transcription is the first stage of gene expression, where DNA is converted into mRNA. The pelvic switch region is a regulatory element that influences the transcription of the Pitx1 gene.

The statement that the mutation to the pelvic switch region meant that the Pitx1 gene was only primarily functional in the rest of the body is true. Since the mutation affects the transcription of the gene in the pelvic region, its expression is reduced in that specific area, while remaining functional in other parts of the body.

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Genotype frequency is the percentage of the population that has a certain genotype. In this case, the population of birds has two genotypes: BB (blue tail feathers) and Bb (blue tail feathers). The population has a total of 100 birds.

The population has 16 birds with the Bb genotype and 84 birds with the BB genotype. To calculate the genotype frequency, we divide the number of birds with each genotype by the total number of birds: 16/100 for the Bb genotype and 84/100 for the BB genotype.

In conclusion, the genotype frequency of this population of birds is 16% for Bb and 84% for BB. Blue tail feathers are the dominant trait, meaning that the BB genotype is the most common genotype in the population.

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The distal portion of your femur (thigh bone) forms part of the knee joint. The answer is OPTION D

Your knee joint's top is made up of the lower (distal) end of your femur. It connects to your patella (knee cap) and tibia (shin). It consists of the lateral and medial condyles. The proximal end of the tibia, the patella, and the distal end of the femur make up the knee's bone components.

The quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament serve as attachment points for the patella, which is the biggest sesamoid bone in the body. The ulna, which is located on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius, which is located on the lateral side, are connected by two joints called the radioulnar joints. The answer is OPTION D

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Transcription factors and epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modification are responsible for regulating which genes or subsets of genes are transcribed in a particular cell type.

The regulation of gene expression is a complex process that involves a variety of mechanisms that work together to control which genes or subsets of genes are transcribed in a particular cell type. One of the key mechanisms of gene regulation is the binding of transcription factors to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of genes. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific sequences of DNA and control the rate at which genes are transcribed into RNA.

Different cell types express different sets of transcription factors, which in turn regulate the expression of different subsets of genes. In addition to transcription factors, other regulatory molecules such as chromatin-modifying enzymes and non-coding RNAs can also play important roles in gene regulation.

Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modification can also play a role in gene regulation by altering the accessibility of DNA to the transcriptional machinery. For example, DNA methylation can lead to the silencing of genes by preventing the binding of transcription factors to their promoter regions.

Overall, the regulation of gene expression is a complex process that involves multiple layers of control, including transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and other regulatory molecules. These mechanisms work together to ensure that the appropriate genes are expressed in the right cell type and at the right time, allowing for the proper development and function of an organism.

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Based on the given data, the unknown nucleic acid is likely to be single-stranded RNA because it contains uracil instead of thymine and has a higher percentage of adenine and uracil than guanine and cytosine.

The absence of thymine also rules out the possibility of it being double-stranded DNA.

The composition of the nitrogenous bases in the unknown nucleic acid indicates that it is RNA, as the presence of uracil (28.0%) and the absence of thymine suggest that it is not DNA. Additionally, the equal percentages of adenine (28.0%) and uracil (28.0%) suggest that the RNA is likely single-stranded. Therefore, the answer is (A) single-stranded RNA.

What is single-stranded RNA?

Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) is a type of nucleic acid molecule that consists of a single strand of nucleotides. It is made up of four different types of nucleotides: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. Unlike double-stranded RNA or DNA, ssRNA does not have a complementary strand, and it can fold back on itself to form complex secondary and tertiary structures.

What is thymine ?

Thymine is one of the four nitrogenous bases that make up the building blocks of DNA (the other three being adenine, guanine, and cytosine). It is a pyrimidine base, meaning it has a single-ring structure, and it pairs specifically with adenine via two hydrogen bonds in a DNA molecule. Thymine is important for the stable storage of genetic information, as it helps to ensure accurate DNA replication and transcription.

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Based on the given data, the unknown nucleic acid is likely to be single-stranded RNA because it contains uracil instead of thymine and has a higher percentage of adenine and uracil than guanine and cytosine.

The absence of thymine also rules out the possibility of it being double-stranded DNA.

The composition of the nitrogenous bases in the unknown nucleic acid indicates that it is RNA, as the presence of uracil (28.0%) and the absence of thymine suggest that it is not DNA. Additionally, the equal percentages of adenine (28.0%) and uracil (28.0%) suggest that the RNA is likely single-stranded. Therefore, the answer is (A) single-stranded RNA.

What is single-stranded RNA?

Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) is a type of nucleic acid molecule that consists of a single strand of nucleotides. It is made up of four different types of nucleotides: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. Unlike double-stranded RNA or DNA, ssRNA does not have a complementary strand, and it can fold back on itself to form complex secondary and tertiary structures.

What is thymine ?

Thymine is one of the four nitrogenous bases that make up the building blocks of DNA (the other three being adenine, guanine, and cytosine). It is a pyrimidine base, meaning it has a single-ring structure, and it pairs specifically with adenine via two hydrogen bonds in a DNA molecule. Thymine is important for the stable storage of genetic information, as it helps to ensure accurate DNA replication and transcription.

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The bronchi and bronchiole airways differ in their anatomical features such as cartilage, smooth muscle, epithelium, and diameter.

The bronchi are larger airways that contain cartilage rings that provide structural support to keep the airways open during breathing. The smooth muscle in the bronchi is less developed compared to bronchioles.

The epithelium of the bronchi is pseudostratified ciliated columnar that secretes mucus to trap particles and move them out of the airway. The bronchi have a larger diameter compared to bronchioles.

In contrast, bronchioles are smaller airways that lack cartilage rings and rely on the smooth muscle for support. The smooth muscle in bronchioles is highly developed and allows for constriction and dilation of the airways. The epithelium of bronchioles is simple ciliated columnar and secretes mucus to trap particles.

Bronchioles have a smaller diameter compared to bronchi, and the terminal bronchioles are the smallest airways in the lungs.

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Answer: fox

Explanation: due to its thinking capability and smartness

An example of a primary producer is c. a diatom. Primary producers are organisms that produce organic compounds from inorganic substances through the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

They are the base of the food chain, as they provide energy to all other living organisms in an ecosystem. Diatoms are unicellular algae that are found in both freshwater and marine environments. They play a crucial role in the food chain, as they are the primary producers in many aquatic ecosystems. They are known for their ability to produce up to 20% of the oxygen on Earth, making them an essential part of the planet's ecosystem. In summary, diatoms are an excellent example of a primary producer because they play a vital role in the food chain and provide energy to other living organisms in aquatic ecosystems.

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Answer:

LONG TAIL

Explanation:

A lemur's long tail serves as an important balancing tool. Lemurs, like many other arboreal animals, spend a lot of time moving through trees and need to maintain their balance as they jump, climb, and move along branches.

The tail acts as a counterbalance to the lemur's body, helping it to stay stable and preventing it from falling. The long tail can be moved in different directions to adjust the lemur's center of gravity and maintain balance as it moves through the trees.

Additionally, a lemur's tail is covered in fur, which can help to provide additional grip and traction on branches and other surfaces, further aiding in balance and stability.

Overall, a lemur's long tail is an important adaptation that helps them to navigate their arboreal environment with precision and agility.

In bacteria, the first few nucleotides on the RNA transcript encoding proteins (PEG) are typically a ribosome binding site (RBS), also known as a Shine-Dalgarno sequence.

This sequence is complementary to a region near the 3' end of the 16S ribosomal RNA, which allows the ribosome to bind to the mRNA and begin translation at the correct site. The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is usually located 5-10 nucleotides upstream of the start codon (AUG) that initiates translation.

Translation is the process by which the genetic information in mRNA is used to synthesize a protein. It occurs on ribosomes, which are large molecular complexes composed of RNA and proteins.

Ribosomes bind to the mRNA transcript at the SD sequence, which is located a few nucleotides upstream of the start codon for protein synthesis. The SD sequence base pairs with a complementary sequence on the small subunit of the ribosome, allowing the ribosome to properly position itself for translation initiation.

The SD sequence is critical for efficient translation of bacterial mRNAs. Mutations or changes in the SD sequence can result in decreased or even complete loss of protein expression. Thus, understanding the SD sequence and its role in translation initiation is essential for studying gene expression and designing effective gene therapies in bacteria.

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The most likely explanation is A) D-glucose undergoes simple diffusion more rapidly than mannitol because glucose is less polar. Glucose and mannitol are both small, polar molecules, but glucose has a lower molecular weight and a more compact structure, which allows it to pass more easily through the erythrocyte membrane via simple diffusion.

which allows it to pass more easily through the erythrocyte membrane via simple diffusion. The difference in transport rates between glucose and mannitol suggests that they are not being transported by a system that distinguishes between the two sugars, and there is no evidence to suggest that they are entering the erythrocyte via an ion-gated channel. The flux of both sugars through the membrane would be expected to follow a similar pattern, so D and E can be ruled out. D-glucose and D-mannitol are both small, polar molecules with similar solubility properties, but they have different structures and molecular weights. D-glucose has a lower molecular weight and a more compact structure than D-mannitol, which may account for its more rapid transport through the erythrocyte membrane.

The erythrocyte membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer that is impermeable to most polar molecules, including glucose and mannitol. However, small, uncharged molecules like glucose and mannitol can cross the membrane via simple diffusion, which is driven by concentration gradients. The rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient and the permeability of the membrane to the solute.

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Answer: Pascal's law is a principle in fluid mechanics given by Blaise Pascal that states that a pressure change at any point in a con fined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.

Explanation:

The dynamical systems approach is a way of understanding complex systems, including human movement, as a result of interactions between various factors. In older adults, this approach can be used to analyze and understand changes in gait patterns, balance, and other motor skills.

For example, researchers may use the dynamical systems approach to examine how changes in muscle strength, joint mobility, and sensory feedback impact an older adult's ability to maintain balance while walking.
One specific example of this approach in older adults is the use of interactive video game technology to improve balance and reduce the risk of falls. Researchers have found that by manipulating visual and sensory inputs in these games, they can stimulate the nervous system and help older adults better adapt to changes in their environment.

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The left lower sternal border, also known as the tricuspid zone, is the area of the chest where the tricuspid valve can be heard best.

The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart, and it regulates blood flow between these two chambers. The valve has three leaflets or cusps, which open and close to allow blood to flow in only one direction.
When a healthcare provider listens to the heart using a stethoscope, they can hear the sounds produced by the opening and closing of the heart valves. The sound of the tricuspid valve can be heard best in the left lower sternal border or tricuspid zone. A normal tricuspid valve produces a distinct "lub-dub" sound, with the "lub" sound occurring when the valve closes after the blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and the "dub" sound occurring when the valve closes after the blood is pumped out of the right ventricle and into the pulmonary artery.
Abnormal sounds heard in the tricuspid zone can indicate problems with the tricuspid valve, such as a leaky or narrowed valve. These conditions can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling of the legs and abdomen. Treatment may involve medication, surgery, or other interventions depending on the severity of the valve problem.

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The primary purpose of the alveoli is to facilitate gas exchange within the respiratory system.

They are tiny, balloon-like structures located at the ends of the bronchial tubes in the lungs. The alveoli are responsible for transferring oxygen from inhaled air into the bloodstream and removing carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to be exhaled. Alveolar Type 1 cells, also known as pneumocytes, are thin, flat, and squamous in shape. They cover a large surface area, which is crucial for efficient gas exchange. The thinness of these cells enables rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary membrane, allowing the respiratory system to function effectively.
These cells help the alveoli carry out their function by forming a continuous lining in the alveolar wall, providing a barrier between the air and the blood. They are also connected to the alveolar basement membrane, ensuring structural stability. The large surface area and thinness of Type 1 cells, coupled with the rich capillary network surrounding the alveoli, enable efficient gas exchange, ultimately allowing the body to maintain proper oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

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The first people we know about that displayed an ethnocentric attitude were the Egyptians. While other ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonians and Greeks, certainly had their own cultural pride, it was the Egyptians who believed that they were the most superior and important civilization. This is evidenced in their art, literature, and even in their treatment of foreigners. While there is some evidence of ethnocentrism among certain indigenous Australian aboriginal tribes, it is not as widespread or institutionalized as it was in ancient Egypt.
Hi! The first people we know about that displayed an ethnocentric attitude were the: a. Babylonians.

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C. Terrestrial organisms with unidirectional respiratory pathways through the lungs are uniformly homeothermic

The processes of the respiratory system are pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases, internal respiration, and cellular respiration the upper respiratory tract, consists of the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx; and the lower respiratory tract consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs.

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C. Terrestrial organisms with unidirectional respiratory pathways through the lungs are uniformly homeothermic

The processes of the respiratory system are pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases, internal respiration, and cellular respiration the upper respiratory tract, consists of the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx; and the lower respiratory tract consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs.

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One major concern about climate change is that phytoplankton productivity will decrease. As ocean temperatures rise, the delicate balance of ocean ecosystems can be disrupted, leading to decreased productivity of phytoplankton, which is vital to the food chain and also contributes significantly to the Earth's oxygen levels.

This can have a cascading effect on the entire ocean ecosystem, leading to reduced fish populations and other negative impacts. While crop production may be affected by climate change in various ways, it is not a major concern in the context of the given options. Similarly, while ocean temperatures rising may affect the solubility of oxygen, it is not a major concern in the context of climate change. Finally, the notion of ocean freezing due to climate change is not a concern, as the freezing point of seawater is lower than that of freshwater, and global warming trends are leading to overall warmer temperatures.

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The correct answer is c. eutrophication.

Eutrophication is a process in which an aquatic ecosystem becomes enriched with nutrients, primarily phosphorus, and nitrogen, leading to increased plant and algae growth. This process can result in harmful algal blooms, dead zones, and fish kills in estuaries and coastal waters. The gradual increase in nutrient concentration can happen naturally or as a result of human activities, such as fertilizer runoff from agricultural lands and sewage discharge . Eutrophication can have severe health and environmental impacts, such as reduced oxygen levels and loss of biodiversity. Proper management practices are necessary to prevent and mitigate eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems.

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TFIIF is a basal transcription factor that contains a subunit, RAP30, responsible for causing local distortion in DNA so that proteins can assemble to the promoter. This is crucial for the initiation of transcription and the subsequent production of RNA molecules. The correct option is D.

The basal transcription factor that contains a subunit responsible for causing local distortion in DNA is TFIIF. TFIIF is composed of two subunits, one of which is the RAP30 subunit. The RAP30 subunit binds to the promoter region of the DNA and induces a conformational change that causes local distortion in the DNA.

This distortion allows other transcription factors and RNA polymerase II to assemble at the promoter, which is necessary for transcription initiation.

TFIIF also has another subunit, RAP74, which interacts with RNA polymerase II and helps to stabilize the transcription initiation complex. Together, the two subunits of TFIIF play a crucial role in the initiation of transcription by regulating the assembly of the pre-initiation complex at the promoter region of DNA.

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When the F plasmid is integrated into the main DNA strand of a bacterium, the correct answer is d. recombination occurs more frequently. This integration allows the bacterium to exchange genetic material with other bacteria, increasing the frequency of genetic recombination events.

When the F plasmid is integrated into the main DNA strand of a bacterium, the ability to recombine increases. This is because the F plasmid carries genes that allow for conjugation, a type of genetic transfer that involves the exchange of DNA between two bacteria. This integration is a permanent change in the bacterial genome and can lead to the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes or other beneficial traits.

It does not affect the rate of sexual reproduction, mutation, or RNA synthesis. However, recombination may occur more frequently, as the integrated F plasmid can increase the likelihood of homologous recombination events. The ability to recombine is not lost, but rather enhanced with the addition of the F plasmid.

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The (β1→4) bonds in cellulose provide biological advantages such as forming insoluble aggregates that act as a structural material in plants.

Cellulose also acts as an energetically dense, readily available source of fuel in plant cells.

On the other hand, the (α1→4) bonds in glycogen offer advantages such as acting as storage fuel in animals that can be rapidly hydrolyzed to provide energy.

Glycogen also adopts a sterically hindered structure that adds rigidity to muscle and liver cells.

Overall, both types of bonds serve essential biological functions in their respective organisms.

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Answer:

The loss of diversity in a reduced population is called a genetic bottleneck.