At December 31, 2017, Engel Company had a balance of $770,000 in its Accounts Receivable account and an unused balance of $7,000 in its Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. The company then analyzed and aged its accounts receivable as follows:
Current $468,000
1-60 days past due 244,000
61-180 days past due 38,000
Over 180 days past due 20,000
-------------
Total accounts receivable $770,000
========
In the past, the company experienced losses as follows: 1% of current balances, 5% of balances 1-60 days past due, 15% of balances 61-180 days past due, and 40% of balances over 180 days past due. The company bases its provision for credit losses on the aging analysis.
Required:
Report the each of the following transactions as journal entries and then post the amounts to the appropriate T-accounts.
a) Bad debts expense estimate at $23,580 assuming that there is an unused balance of $7,000 in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts.
b) Write off $5,000 in customer accounts.

The reason that laws, rules, and company policies need to be known and understood is that they directly affect employees.

Laws, rules, and company policies are put in place to ensure that organizations operate in a legal, ethical, and safe manner. They are designed to protect employees, customers, and other stakeholders, as well as the organization itself. Therefore, it is important for employees to know and understand these laws, rules, and policies in order to comply with them and to avoid any negative consequences that may result from non-compliance.

In addition, knowing and understanding laws, rules, and company policies can help employees make informed decisions, communicate effectively with others, and perform their jobs more effectively. It can also help them identify potential issues or concerns and address them appropriately.

Overall, knowing and understanding laws, rules, and company policies is essential for employees to perform their jobs effectively, comply with legal and ethical requirements, and contribute to a safe and healthy work environment.

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The speed of the arrow as it leave the bow is 50m/s.

The speed of the arrow as it leaves the bow can be determined by using the equation Force x Distance = Mass x Velocity². To solve for velocity, we can take the square root of both sides, and rearrange the terms.

The resulting equation is Velocity = Square Root of (Force x Distance/Mass). Plugging in the given values, we get Velocity = Square Root of (130 N x 0.85 m/ 0.09 kg), which equals approximately 50 m/s.

In physics, force, mass, and distance play an important role in understanding the motion of objects. Force is a push or pull, and is measured in Newtons (N). Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object, and is measured in kilograms (kg). Distance is the measure of the space between two points, and is measured in meters (m).

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The statement "A good manager is never faced with unforeseen problems" is incorrect.

In reality, all managers, no matter how skilled or experienced, will inevitably face unforeseen problems in the course of their work. These problems may arise from a variety of sources, including changes in market conditions, unexpected developments in technology, or shifts in organizational priorities

However, what sets a good manager apart is their ability to anticipate and effectively respond to these unforeseen problems. Good managers are proactive in their approach to problem-solving, and they are able to adapt quickly to changing circumstances. They are also skilled in delegating responsibilities and collaborating with their team to develop creative solutions to complex problems.

Overall, while it is impossible for a manager to completely avoid unforeseen problems, a good manager can minimize their impact and ensure that their team is well-equipped to handle any challenges that may arise.

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In a recessionary gap, using the formula 1/MPS, the government will use the fiscal policy tool of increasing government spending (Option D).

Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy. In a recessionary gap, the economy is experiencing a shortfall in aggregate demand.

To close this gap and stimulate economic growth, the government can use the fiscal policy tool of increasing government spending.

The 1/MPS (or spending multiplier) is an important concept to understand the impact of government spending. The multiplier effect occurs because an increase in government spending leads to an increase in income for those receiving the government funds. This, in turn, leads to increased consumption, which further increases aggregate demand, resulting in a larger impact on the economy than the initial increase in government spending.

In summary, to address a recessionary gap using the 1/MPS formula, the government will implement the fiscal policy tool of increasing government spending (Option D).

This will stimulate economic growth by increasing aggregate demand and closing the gap.

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True. Due to their workflow focus and proximity to a homogeneous consumer base, divisional structures tend to be less flexible and innovative.

This is because they are designed to cater to specific markets, leading to a more centralized decision-making process and less room for experimentation or adaptation to new situations. Due to their work-flow focus and proximity to a homogeneous consumer base, divisional structures tend to be less flexible and innovative compared to other organizational structures such as matrix or flat structures.

This is because they prioritize efficiency and consistency over adaptability and experimentation. However, divisional structures are still effective for companies that operate in stable and predictable markets.

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The equation instead shows how the utilization of the system is related to the arrival rate (I) and the average processing time (p) of customers. It does not involve the number of servers or customers in service at any given time.

The best statement about equation 8.9 on page 196 of the text, which states u = Ip/с, is that it represents capacity utilization (u), which is the average fraction of the server pool that is busy processing customers. Little's Law, which relates the average number of customers in a system to the average time they spend in the system, does not directly apply to this equation. The equation instead shows how the utilization of the system is related to the arrival rate (I) and the average processing time (p) of customers. It does not involve the number of servers or customers in service at any given time.

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Based on the information provided, the pricing strategy used by Decorator's Choice Home Goods is predatory pricing.

This is because they are intentionally selling the same product at a lower price to one department store, with the intention of driving their competitors out of business or preventing new competitors from entering the market. This is often done in order to gain a larger market share and increase profits in the long term. Price fixing and price discrimination do not apply in this scenario, as there is no collusion or unfair treatment of customers based on factors such as race or gender. Descriptive pricing also does not apply, as the pricing strategy used by Decorator's Choice is not based on providing additional information about the product or its features.

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The journal entry for Jerome, Inc. on September 15 to record the purchase of debt investments as trading securities at a cost of $8,850 would be as follows:

Debit: Debt Investments - Trading ($8,850)
Credit: Cash ($8,850)

The debit entry is made to the Debt Investments - Trading account, which is an asset account used to record the fair value of debt securities that are bought and held for trading purposes. The credit entry is made to the Cash account, which represents the payment made by Jerome, Inc. to acquire the securities.

Here's the journal entry for Jerome, Inc. on September 15:

Date: September 15

Account Name (Debit): Trading Securities
Debit Amount: $8,850

Account Name (Credit): Cash
Credit Amount: $8,850

This journal entry records the purchase of debt investments as trading securities by debiting the Trading Securities account for $8,850 and crediting the Cash account for the same amount.

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Will Sit-Stay-Sleep generate more revenue by offering the "Weekend Getaway Package" and booking 40 rooms or the "Stay-and-Play Package" and booking 50 rooms revenue production depends on the type of room booked. The correct option is c.

To determine which package generates more revenue for Sit-Stay-Sleep, we need to compare the revenue generated by the "Weekend Getaway Package" with 40 rooms booked and the "Stay-and-Play Package" with 50 rooms booked.

Assume the "Weekend Getaway Package" costs X dollars per room, and the "Stay-and-Play Package" costs Y dollars per room. Then, the total revenue for each package can be calculated as follows:

Weekend Getaway Package revenue = 40 rooms * X dollars per room
Stay-and-Play Package revenue = 50 rooms * Y dollars per room

We do not have enough information to determine the exact revenue amounts or which package generates more revenue without knowing the costs of X and Y. Therefore, the answer is C. Revenue production depends on the type of room booked.

In order to decide which package generates more revenue, you will need to know the cost of each package per room. Once you have that information, you can use the formulas above to calculate the total revenue for each package and compare them to determine which one generates more revenue for Sit-Stay-Sleep. The correct option is c.

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Characteristic of Price Leadership:
- After a tax on junk food is passed, Cokesi decides to raise prices on soda, the first price increase since high fructose corn syrup prices spiked.
- In a press release, Shell announces that it will be increasing prices on unleaded fuel.

NOT Characteristic of Price Leadership:
- A price war breaking out between the two primary detergent companies, UniGamble and Proctlever.
- Open collusion between The Big Four accounting firms to fix prices.
- Viscard chooses to set interest rates at below profit-maximizing rates in order to block entry of new firms.

Explanation:
Price leadership is a strategy where the largest firm in an oligopoly sets the price, and other firms follow suit. It is a way to avoid price competition and maintain market share.

In the scenarios where Cokesi and Shell announce price increases, they are exhibiting characteristic of price leadership. They are setting the price and other firms are likely to follow suit.

However, in the scenarios where UniGamble and Proctlever engage in a price war, The Big Four accounting firms collude to fix prices, and Viscard sets interest rates below profit-maximizing rates, these are not characteristic of price leadership. These actions involve price competition or collusion rather than a coordinated strategy to set prices.

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True. When using multiple rater sources, it is important that all raters agree on their rating.

This helps ensure consistency, reliability, and validity of the evaluations, leading to more accurate and meaningful results.

Employee performance is tricky to measure, but one strategy used by millions of domestic and international companies is performance rating. The better way to determine employee abilities than to ask their supervisors, subordinates, and peers who work with them every day.

Unfortunately, we are all affected by a wide variety of rater biases that impact how we make our ratings. These biases might skew employee ratings too high or too low. Ultimately, failing to take rater biases into account makes obtaining a true estimate of employee performance very challenging.

Because of this reality, it is critical for human resource professionals to have a strong understanding of rater biases. Understanding them can prevent decision-making errors, which strengthens a company’s ability to use performance ratings to their full potential.

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The value of the forward rate agreement to the company at the inception of the contract on June 1, 2020, depends on the prevailing interest rates at that time. The correct answer is (D) Not enough information.

If the company expects interest rates to rise, then the FRA would be valued as a positive asset as it would protect the company from the increased interest rates. Conversely, if the company expects interest rates to fall, then the FRA would be valued as a negative asset as it would be disadvantageous to the company. Therefore, the answer to this question cannot be determined without information about prevailing interest rates at the time of contract inception. The correct answer is D, not enough information.

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In the Keynesian Macroeconomics model, the level of National Income is largely determined by the level of expenditures.

According to Keynesian theory believed that demand drives economic growth, and therefore increased spending by households, businesses, and governments will lead to an increase in National Income. However, the level of expenditures is influenced by a variety of macroeconomic variables, including the supply of money and the level of prices.

Macroeconomics can be used to analyze skill targets such as economic growth, inflation, employment, and the irrational balance of payments.

Therefore, the level of National Income is ultimately determined by the interaction of all macroeconomic variables.

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It becomes more difficult for him to manage the accounting department in his second year. Unrealistic expectations can lead to unneeded stress, pressure, and a sense of failure. answer is option (a).

A firm or organisation's accounting department is in charge of overseeing all financial and accounting operations. These tasks include creating financial statements, keeping up-to-date financial records, keeping an eye on cash flows, making sure that all applicable rules and regulations are followed, and offering tax planning and advising.

Additionally, the accounting division is in charge of creating budgets, creating and implementing financial plans, and evaluating financial performance. The accounting division collaborates closely with other divisions of the company to guarantee that financial objectives are met and to support decision-making.

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a) Minimum number of servers for this system infinite.b) Optimal number of servers for this system from a cost perspective 8 c).  cost for the system, per hour, with the optimum number of servers  $1,360 per hour. d) the server utilization rate with the minimum number of servers  15.38%.

a) To determine the minimum number of servers required for the system, we need to use Little's Law, which states that the average number of customers in the system (L) is equal to the average arrival rate (λ) multiplied by the average time spent in the system (W). We can use the following formula to calculate the minimum number of servers:

L = λW

W = 1 / μ - λ

where μ is the service rate (1/45 seconds).

Plugging in the given values, we get:

λ = 520 customers per hour

μ = 1 / 45 seconds = 80 customers per hour

W = 1 / 80 - 520 = -6.5 hours (a negative waiting time implies an unstable system)

Since the waiting time is negative, the minimum number of servers required is infinite, meaning that the system is not viable without additional measures.

b) To determine the optimal number of servers, we need to consider the trade-off between the cost of waiting and the cost of providing additional servers.

The total cost is the sum of the waiting cost and the server cost. The waiting cost is the cost per person per hour multiplied by the average time spent waiting in line, while the server cost is the hourly salary cost per server multiplied by the number of servers. The optimum number of servers is the one that minimizes the total cost.

We can use the following formula to calculate the total cost:

Total cost = (λ / (μ - λ)) * (waiting cost per person per hour) + (number of servers) * (server cost per hour)

Plugging in the given values, we get:

Waiting cost per person per hour = $50

Server cost per hour = $40

λ = 520 customers per hour

μ = 80 customers per hour

Using some algebra and optimization techniques, we can find that the optimal number of servers is 8, which minimizes the total cost.

c) With 8 servers, the total cost per hour is:

Total cost = (λ / (μ - λ)) * (waiting cost per person per hour) + (number of servers) * (server cost per hour)

Total cost = (520 / (80 - 520)) * 50 + 8 * 40

Total cost = $1,040 + $320

Total cost = $1,360 per hour

d) The server utilization rate with the minimum number of servers is equal to the service rate (μ) divided by the arrival rate (λ), which is:

μ / λ = 80 / 520

μ / λ = 0.1538 or 15.38%

This means that the servers would be utilized only 15.38% of the time, which is not efficient. With the optimum number of servers, the server utilization rate would be higher, but still less than 100% to allow for some slack time and avoid excessive waiting times.

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The adjusted selling and administrative expenses on a cash basis using the direct method would be $315,000.

To adjust the selling and administrative expenses to a cash basis using the direct method, we need to consider the changes in the prepaid expense and accrued liabilities accounts. The formula for adjusting expenses to a cash basis under the direct method is as follows:

Cash basis expenses = Accrual basis expenses + Decrease in prepaid expenses - Increase in accrued liabilities

Using the information provided in the question, we can calculate the adjusted selling and administrative expenses as follows:

Accrual basis expenses = $260,000 + $25,000 (depreciation) = $285,000

Decrease in prepaid expenses = $18,000

Increase in accrued liabilities = -$12,000 (note the negative sign)

Cash basis expenses = $285,000 + $18,000 - (-$12,000) = $315,000

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Periodic comparisons between planned objectives and actual performance are reported in budget performance reports. the correct option is A.

These reports provide an analysis of how well the organization is meeting its objectives, as outlined in the budget. By comparing actual performance to planned objectives, organizations can identify areas where they need to adjust their strategies or improve their performance to meet their goals.

These reports are an important tool for monitoring progress and ensuring that the organization stays on track to meet its objectives.A budget performance report compares the period's actual revenues and costs with those projected based on the actual sales volume. It is a management report. Thus the correct option is A.

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Events as product experiences, which are: (1) The core service and benefits that the customer experiences, (2) Supplementary features that differentiate an event from its competitors, and (3) Augmented features for example, length of event, level, and style of event. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Augmented features refer to the non-physical components of an event that enhance the customer experience, such as the length of the event, level and style of the event, and other intangible aspects. It refers to the additional aspects of an event that enhance the overall experience and set it apart from other events.

These features can include the length of the event, the level and style of the event, and any other unique elements that contribute to a memorable experience for the attendees. These features differentiate an event from its competitors and contribute to the overall value proposition of the event.

The core service and benefits that the customer experiences and the supplementary features are also essential elements of an event, but augmented features play a critical role in providing a memorable and unique event experience for customers.  Augmented features go beyond the core service and supplementary features, adding value and making the event more attractive to customers.

Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: Events, as product experiences, contain three elements: (1) The core service and benefits that the customer experiences. (2) Supplementary features that differentiate an event from its competitors, and (3) _________ for example, length of event, level and style of event. A) The delivery process B) Service characteristics C) Augmented features D) Implementation methods.

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The total cost at an output of 110 units is approximately $240,000. Therefore, the average total cost at this output is $240,000 / 110 = $2,181.82.

a. The point where the average product curve intersects with the marginal cost curve is the minimum average variable cost point. In the given graph, it occurs at an output level of 40 units of labor.

b. At the minimum average variable cost point, the AVC is $2,000.

c. At 60 units of labor, the output produced is 110 units.

d. At 60 units of labor, the AVC at this level of output is not given in the graph. However, we can calculate it using the formula AVC = Total Variable Cost / Output. We know that the monthly wage for labor is $2,000, and since the firm uses 60 units of labor, the total variable cost is 60 x $2,000 = $120,000. At an output of 110 units, the AVC is $120,000 / 110 = $1,090.91.

e. Marginal cost is the change in total cost that occurs when an additional unit of labor is used. At 100 units of labor, the marginal cost is approximately $2,800.

f. To calculate the average total cost at an output of 110 units, we need to know the total cost at that level of output. From the graph, we can see that the total cost at an output of 110 units is approximately $240,000. Therefore, the average total cost at this output is $240,000 / 110 = $2,181.82.

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The monthly breakeven point for The Sock Company utilizing the mathematical method is 2,500 units.

Using the equation approach, the following calculation may be used to determine the company's monthly breakeven point in units:

Units of breakeven point = Fixed costs / (Selling price per unit - Variable cost per unit)

Using the data from the problem:

Costs fixed = $10,000

$10 is the selling price per unit.

$6 is the variable cost per unit.

Breakeven point = 2,500 units (in units)

Consequently, using the mathematical approach, the Sock Company's monthly breakeven point in units is 2,500 units.

The following calculation can be used to determine the breakeven point in units using the contribution margin approach:

Selling price per unit minus variable cost per unit equals contribution margin per unit.

Unit contribution margin: $10 - $6

$4 is the contribution margin per unit.

Using the data from the problem:

Costs fixed = $10,000

Breakeven point = $10,000 / $4 (in units).

Breakeven point = 2,500 units (in units).

Hence, adopting the contribution margin approach, the Sock Company's monthly breakeven mark in units is also 2,500 units.

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Transaction A affects the owner's investment, Transaction B affects the owner's drawings, and Transaction C affects revenue and expenses, which determine the net change in the owner's equity.

The effects of the transactions on owner's equity. Here are the three transactions:
1. Transaction A: The owner invests $10,000 in the business.
2. Transaction B: The owner withdraws $2,000 for personal use.
3. Transaction C: The business earns $5,000 in revenue and incurs $3,000 in expenses.

Effects on owner's equity:

1. Transaction A affects the owner's investment, as the owner is putting money into the business. This increases the owner's equity by $10,000.

2. Transaction B affects the owner's drawings, as the owner is taking money out of the business for personal use. This decreases the owner's equity by $2,000.

3. Transaction C has two parts:
- The $5,000 in revenue increases the owner's equity, as it is money earned by the business.
- The $3,000 in expenses decreases the owner's equity, representing the business's cost.
The net effect of Transaction C on the owner's equity is an increase of $2,000 ($5,000 - $3,000).

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testing internal controls for operating deficiencies - is designed specifically to detect fraud.Fraud can occur when there are weaknesses or deficiencies in a company's internal controls.

By testing internal controls, auditors can identify areas where there may be a higher risk of fraud and take steps to mitigate that risk. This can involve reviewing policies and procedures, testing the effectiveness of controls, and identifying any gaps or weaknesses that need to be addressed.

While surprise visits to a client's warehouse and looking at little-used or miscellaneous accounts can be part of an overall audit strategy, they are not specifically designed to detect fraud. Surprise visits can help auditors verify the existence and condition of inventory, while reviewing little-used or miscellaneous accounts can help identify errors or irregularities in financial statements. However, these methods may not necessarily detect instances of fraud.

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To compute Billings Auto Repair's current ratio, we'll need to find the current assets and current liabilities from the given account balances.

The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures a company’s ability to pay short-term obligations or those due within one year. It tells investors and analysts how a company can maximize the current assets on its balance sheet to satisfy its current debt and other payables.

The formula for calculating current ratio: Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

Current Assets:
- Cash: 12,000
- Accounts Receivable: 2,300
- Prepaid Rent: 1,400
- Office Supplies: 2,800

Current Liabilities:
- Accounts Payable: 4,900

Now we can calculate the current ratio using the formula:

Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

Step 1: Add up the current assets: 12,000 + 2,300 + 1,400 + 2,800 = 18,500
Step 2: Identify the current liabilities: 4,900
Step 3: Divide current assets by current liabilities: 18,500 / 4,900 = 3.77 (rounded to two decimal places)

So, Billings Auto Repair's current ratio on December 31, 2018, is 3.77.

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Lobel Consulting plans on spending $132,132 in total on overhead related to administration.

The term "overhead" describes continuing company costs that aren't directly related to providing a good or service. It is crucial for budgeting as well as for figuring out how much a business must charge for its goods or services in order to turn a profit.

Here's the step-by-step explanation:

Step 1. The firm plans on using 7,280 hours of administrative time.

Step 2. The overhead rate for administration is $18.15 per hour.

Step 3. Multiply the administrative hours by the overhead rate to find the total spending on overhead related to administration:

7,280 hours × $18.15 per hour = $132,132

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Under the automatic mileage method, Rex's basis in the business portion of the auto as of January 1, 2020, is $22,498.

Under the actual cost method and assuming 200% declining-balance cost recovery with the half-year convention, Rex's basis in the business portion of the auto as of January 1, 2020, is $21,934.

The automatic mileage method is a method of calculating the depreciation deduction for a vehicle used for business purposes. It is based on the number of miles the vehicle is driven for business purposes. Under this method, the taxpayer multiplies the number of business miles driven during the year by the standard mileage rate set by the IRS (which varies each year), and then subtracts any depreciation deduction claimed in prior years.

Compare the adjusted basis calculated using the actual cost method to the adjusted basis calculated using the automatic mileage method, and choose the larger amount as the basis in the business portion of the car as of January 1, 2020.

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Under the automatic mileage method, Rex's basis in the business portion of the auto as of January 1, 2020, is $22,498.

Under the actual cost method and assuming 200% declining-balance cost recovery with the half-year convention, Rex's basis in the business portion of the auto as of January 1, 2020, is $21,934.

The automatic mileage method is a method of calculating the depreciation deduction for a vehicle used for business purposes. It is based on the number of miles the vehicle is driven for business purposes. Under this method, the taxpayer multiplies the number of business miles driven during the year by the standard mileage rate set by the IRS (which varies each year), and then subtracts any depreciation deduction claimed in prior years.

Compare the adjusted basis calculated using the actual cost method to the adjusted basis calculated using the automatic mileage method, and choose the larger amount as the basis in the business portion of the car as of January 1, 2020.

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In deciding questions of corporate social responsibility, Valley Disposal & Recycling, Inc. should be concerned with all of the choices mentioned. So, the correct answer is D.

The corporation should consider how it can best fulfill any ethical duty to society, the effect on corporate profits of ignoring any ethical duty to society, and whether the corporation owes any ethical duty to society.

Making ethical decisions can impact the reputation and success of the company, and therefore, it is important for Valley Disposal & Recycling, Inc. to carefully weigh all factors when making decisions related to corporate social responsibility.

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A significant, pervasive, and long-lasting drop in economic activity is referred to as a recession.

No.        Recession             Time Period          Duration (months)

1           Recession of 1945     Feb 1945–Oct 1945     8

2          Recession of 1949     Nov 1948–Oct 1949     11

3          Recession of 1953     July 1953–May 1954    10

4          Recession of 1958     Aug 1957–April 1958   8

5          Recession of 1960–61  Apr 1960–Feb 1961     10

6          Recession of 1969–70  Dec 1969–Nov 1970     11

7          1973–75 recession     Nov 1973–Mar 1975     16

8          1980 recession        Jan 1980–July 1980    6

9          1981–1982 recession   July 1981–Nov 1982    16

10         Early 1990s recession July 1990–Mar 1991    8

11         Early 2000s recession Mar 2001–Nov 2001     8

12         Great Recession       Dec 2007–June 2009   18

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The complete question is,

The U.S. experienced recessions between the years 1944 and 2018 with an average duration of months (round your duration calculation to one decimal place).

Lending Club implemented several strategies to mitigate adverse selection on its platform. One of the most effective strategies was the use of advanced algorithms and credit scoring models to assess the creditworthiness of potential borrowers.

These models took into account a wide range of factors, including credit history, employment status, income, and debt-to-income ratio.

In addition to these models, Lending Club also required borrowers to provide detailed information about their financial situation and credit history, including bank statements, tax returns, and pay stubs. This information was verified through third-party sources, helping to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data.

Another important strategy employed by Lending Club was its focus on diversification. By spreading its lending across a large number of borrowers and loan types, Lending Club was able to reduce its exposure to any individual borrower or loan, minimizing the impact of any defaults or other adverse events.

Overall, these strategies were successful in mitigating adverse selection on the Lending Club platform. The company was able to maintain a high level of credit quality and minimize the risk of default, resulting in strong returns for investors and continued growth for the platform.

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The journal entry would look like this:

Date          Account Title          Debit      Credit

---------------------------------------------

XX/XX/XXXX Cash                  $346,500

                    Bonds Payable            $330,000

                    Premium on Bonds Payable     $16,500

This journal entry records the issue of bonds by Flounder Corp.

1. Debit Cash for $346,500 - This represents the cash received from the issue of the bonds.

2. Credit Bonds Payable for $330,000 - This represents the face value of the bonds issued.

3. Credit Premium on Bonds Payable for $16,500 - This is the difference between the cash received ($346,500) and the face value of the bonds ($330,000).

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Company value chain activities that are critical to its competitive advantage should generally not be outsourced

These activities are typically those that are valued highly by the company's customers and are not significant cost drivers.

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