Calculate the percent by mass of the indicated element in the following compounds. Recall that 2 decimal places should be used for all molar masses, except for hydrogen.

a) CaH2: calcium =

b) UF4:: uranium =

c) C12H4Cl4O2: carbon =
hydrogen =
oxygen =

d) CaCO3: calcium =

Answer:

El termómetro expuesto directamente al sol medirá la temperatura del aire circundante y la radiación solar, pero no la temperatura del sol en sí.

The graph's data show that throughout time, nuclear energy has lost some of its significance as a source of energy production in the US.

Since the turn of the century, the amount of nuclear energy utilised has continuously fallen while the use of natural gas, coal, and hydroelectric power has increased.

This might indicate that the nation has been moving away from using nuclear energy as its main source of electricity.  This information shows that the nation is switching from nuclear energy as its main source of electricity to other sources such as coal, natural gas, and hydroelectricity.  

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O-F, N-F, Be-F, Mg-F has the bonds correctly arranged in order of increasing polarity. Therefore, the correct option is option B.

Polarity is the transportation of electrical charge among the atoms connected by a chemical bond. Because both hydrogen atoms in H2 are neutral in their electrical properties, bonds among atoms of various substances are electrically inequivalent, as opposed to bonds among identical atoms, which are electrically uniform.

For instance, the chlorine atom has a slightly negative charge while the hydrogen atom becomes slightly positively charged in hydrogen chloride. Partial charges are the tiny electrical charges that exist on different atoms, and their existence indicates the presence of a polar connection. O-F, N-F, Be-F, Mg-F has the bonds correctly arranged in order of increasing polarity.

Therefore, the correct option is option B.

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A plot of the solar spectrum in the upper atmosphere shows that the majority of the solar radiation in this region is absorbed by the ozone layer.

The energy required for the photolysis of O₂ to form the ozone layer is approximately 498 kJ/mol. Using the above equations, we can calculate the threshold frequency and cutoff wavelength:

f = (498 kJ/mol) / (6.626 x 10^-34 J s) = 7.51 x 10^15 Hz

λ = (3.00 x 10^8 m/s) / (7.51 x 10^15 Hz) = 40.0 nm

Therefore, any solar radiation with a wavelength shorter than 40.0 nm can cause the photolysis of O₂ to form the ozone layer. This portion of the spectrum is called the vacuum ultraviolet region.

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The decay constant of the process is approximately 2.7 × 10⁻¹² per year.

The decay constant (λ) represents the probability of decay per unit of time. It is related to the half-life (t [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex]) of a radioactive isotope by the equation

λ = ln(2) ÷ t [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex].

To determine the decay constant, we need to first convert the percentage given to a decimal, which is 2.7 × 10⁻¹². We can then use the equation N = N0e^(-λt), where N0 is the initial number of atoms, N is the final number of atoms after time t, and e is the mathematical constant e ≈ 2.71828.

Assuming that N ≈ N0 and solving for λ, we get:

λ = -ln(1 - 2.7 × 10⁻¹²) ÷ t

Substituting t = 1.0 year, we get:

λ = -ln(1 - 2.7 × 10⁻¹²) ÷ 1.0 year

λ ≈ 2.7 × 10⁻¹² per year

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Answer: To convert grams (g) to moles (mol), we need to use the molar mass of the substance. We can use the following formula:

moles = mass (in grams) / molar mass

We will assume that we are given the mass of a pure substance. If the substance is a compound, we will need to look up the molar mass in the periodic table or calculate it using the atomic masses of its elements.

Let's assume that we are given 18.2 g of a pure substance and we want to convert it to moles. We will need to look up the molar mass of the substance. For example, let's say the substance is water (H2O):

Molar mass of H2O = 2(1.008 g/mol) + 1(15.999 g/mol) = 18.015 g/mol

Now we can use the formula to convert grams to moles:

moles = 18.2 g / 18.015 g/mol = 1.009 mol

Therefore, 18.2 g of the substance is equivalent to 1.009 mol of the substance.

In a chemical reaction, the stoichiometry refers to the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products, as expressed in a balanced chemical equation.

The stoichiometry of a reaction determines the theoretical yield, which is the maximum amount of product that can be obtained from a given amount of reactants.

The percentage yield, on the other hand, is a measure of the actual yield of a reaction compared to the theoretical yield. It is calculated by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying by 100%.

In this context, the independent variable would be the amount of reactants used in the reaction, since this is what is being varied or controlled in the experiment.

The stoichiometry and percentage yield would be dependent variables, as they depend on the amount of reactants used and the efficiency of the reaction.

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Weathering processes, both physical and chemical, break down rocks into smaller particles that mix with organic matter to form soil. Physical weathering, such as freeze-thaw cycles, root growth, and abrasion, mechanically break rocks into smaller fragments.

Chemical weathering, such as oxidation, dissolution, and hydrolysis, alters the mineral composition of rocks and releases nutrients for plant growth. The products of weathering, such as clay minerals and soluble salts, affect soil properties like texture, structure, porosity, and nutrient availability. Weathering also affects the pH of soil, which influences the solubility and availability of nutrients. Overall, weathering plays a critical role in soil formation and the availability of nutrients for plant growth.

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--The complete Question is, How does the process of weathering, such as the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks, affect the composition and properties of soil?--

A. The balanced equation is: 2H₂O -> 2H₂ + O₂

B. The mass of hydrogen obtained is 8 g

Ci. The volume of hydrogen produced is 89.6 L

Cii. The volume of oxygen produced is 44.8 L

The balanced equation for the reaction is written as follow:

Water -> Hydrogen + oxygen

2H₂O -> 2H₂ + O₂

first, we shall write the balanced equation for the reaction. This is given below:

2H₂O -> 2H₂ + O₂

From the balanced equation above,

36 g of H₂O reacted to produce 4 g of H₂

Therefore,

72 g of H₂O will react to produce = (72 × 4) / 36 = 8 g of H₂

Thus, the mass of hydrogen obtained is 8 g

The volume of hydrogen produced can be obtained as follow:

2 g of H₂ = 22.4 L

Therefore

8 g of H₂ = (8 g × 22.4 L) / 2 g

8 g of H₂ = 89.6 L

Thus, the volume of hydrogen produced is 89.6 L

First, we shall obtain the mass of oxygen gas produced. Details below:

2H₂O -> 2H₂ + O₂

From the balanced equation above,

36 g of H₂O reacted to produce 32 g of O₂

Therefore,

72 g of H₂O will react to produce = (72 × 32) / 36 = 64 g of O₂

Finally, we shall determine the volume of oxygen produced. Details below:

32 g of O₂ = 22.4 L

Therefore

64 g of O₂ = (64 × 22.4) / 32 g

64 g of O₂ = 44.8 L

Thus, the volume of oxygen produced is 44.8 L

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We haver the mass from the moles of each of the compounds below.

1) Mass/Molar mass = number of moles

=Mass = Molar Mass * Molar Number

= 12.3 moles x g/mol 108

= 1328.4 g

2) Mass/Molar mass = number of moles

=Mass = Molar Mass * Molar Number

2.7 moles times 242 g/mol

= 653 g

3)) Molar mass divided by the number of moles

=Mass = Molar Mass * Molar Number

= 3.42 g/mol * 0.16 moles

= 54.72 g

4) Moles = mass / molecular mass

=Mass = Molar Mass * Molar Number

= 166 g/mol * 0.87 moles

= 144 g

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The rate constant value for the given reaction is  1.8×10⁻⁵.  The chemical kinetics rate law, which connects the molecular concentration of reactants with reaction rate

The chemical kinetics rate law, which connects the molecular concentration of reactants with reaction rate, uses the rate constant as a proportionality factor. The letter k in an equation designates it, which is also referred by the term the reaction constant of rate and reaction rate coefficient.

2SO[tex]_2[/tex](g) + O[tex]_2[/tex](g) →2SO[tex]_3[/tex](g)

Keq = [SO[tex]_3[/tex]]² / ([SO[tex]_2[/tex]]² [ O[tex]_2[/tex]])

       = [3.50]² / ([1.50]² [ 1.25)

      =   1.8×10⁻⁵    

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The specific heat capacity of nickel is given as 0.444 J/g·°C and the calorimeter constant is calculated to be 14.86 J/°C.

To calculate the calorimeter constant, we need to use the heat gained by the water and the heat lost by the nickel. The heat gained by the water can be calculated using the equation:

q₁ = m₁ × C₁ × ΔT

where m₁ is the mass of water, C₁ is the specific heat capacity of water (4.184 J/g·°C), and ΔT is the change in temperature of the water (final temperature - initial temperature).

q₁ = 84.70 g × 4.184 J/g·°C × (31.63 °C - 24.03 °C)

q₁ = 2,550 J

The heat lost by the nickel can be calculated using the equation:

q₂ = m₂ × C₂ × ΔT

where m₂ is the mass of nickel (90.80 g), C₂ is the specific heat capacity of nickel (0.444 J/g·°C)

q₂ = 90.80 g × 0.444 J/g·°C × (98.73 °C - 31.63 °C)

q₂ = 2,654 J

Since the heat lost by the nickel is equal to the heat gained by the water, we can write:

q₂ = q₁ + q₃

where q₃ is the heat absorbed by the calorimeter. Solving for q₃, we get:

q₃ = q₂ - q₁

q₃ = 2,654 J - 2,550 J

q₃ = 104 J

The calorimeter constant can now be calculated using the equation:

C₃ = q₃ ÷ ΔT

C₃ = 104 J ÷ (31.63 °C - 24.03 °C)

C₃ = 14.86 J/°C

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The amount of energy released as heat when a 12.8 g sample of diethyl ether is burned is 469.23 kJ.

The given combustion reaction is:

CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃(l) + 6O₂(g) → 4CO₂(g) + 5H₂(g) ∆H = -2.72 × 10³ kJ

We are given a 12.8 g sample of diethyl ether (C₄H₁₀O), which has a molar mass of 74.12 g/mol. To find the amount of moles of diethyl ether, we can use the formula:

moles = mass/molar mass

moles of diethyl ether = 12.8 g / 74.12 g/mol = 0.1727 mol

According to the balanced chemical equation, one mole of diethyl ether produces -2.72 × 10³ kJ of heat. Therefore, we can find the amount of heat produced for 0.1727 moles of diethyl ether by using the following formula:

Heat produced = moles of diethyl ether × ∆H

Heat produced = 0.1727 mol × (-2.72 × 10³ kJ/mol) = -469.23 kJ

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Answer:

109.5º

Explanation:

The leftmost carbon has four bonds and no lone pairs attached to it. According to the VSEPR model, this carbon has a tetrahedral geometry. Thus, each bond angle is 109.5º

The enthalpy change for the given reaction is -7332 kJ, after using the Hess's law.

Enthalpy change, represented by ΔH, is the amount of heat absorbed or released by a system at constant pressure during a chemical reaction or physical process. It is a thermodynamic property that describes the difference in energy between the reactants and the products of a reaction.

First, we need to manipulate the given equations to obtain the target equation:

C₂H₆(g) → C₂H₂(g) + 2H₂(g)

2C₂H₂(g) +5O₂(g) → 4CO₂(g) + 2H₂O (1)

2H₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O (1)

Now we can use Hess's Law, which states that if a reaction can take place by two or more different routes, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route.

We can obtain the target equation by combining the given equations in the following way:

C₂H₆(g) + 7/2O₂(g) → 2CO₂(g) + 3H₂O (1) (multiply the 3rd equation by 3/2)

ΔH1 = -1560 kJ

2C₂H₂(g) +5O₂(g) → 4CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(1)

ΔH₂ = -572 kJ (reverse the 2nd equation and change the sign)

Adding the above two equations we get,

C₂H₆(g) + 7/2O₂(g) → 2CO₂(g) + 3H₂O (1)

ΔH₁ + ΔH₂ = -2132 kJ

Now we need to multiply the first equation by 2 to obtain the target equation:

2C₂H₆(g) + 7O₂(g) → 4CO₂(g) + 6H₂O(1)

ΔH₃ = 2*(-2600 kJ) = -5200 kJ

Adding ΔH₁+ΔH₂ to ΔH₃, we get:

C₂H₆(g) → C₂H₂(g) + 2H₂(g)

ΔH = ΔH₁ + ΔH₂ + ΔH₃ = -7332 kJ

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A valid Lewis structure of IF[tex]_3[/tex] cannot be drawn without violating the octet rule. Therefore, the correct option is option B.

Lewis structures, often referred to as Lewis dot calculations, Lewis dot constructions, electron dot frameworks, especially Lewis electron dot configurations (LEDS), represent diagrams that depict the interactions of atoms inside molecules as well as any single pairs of electrons which may be present. A valid Lewis structure of IF[tex]_3[/tex] cannot be drawn without violating the octet rule.

Therefore, the correct option is option B.

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Answer:

Final Temperature = 12.20 Celsius

Explanation:

Use the equation:

ΔC*q*m = -ΔC*q*m

[tex]11.27*0.129*(T_{f}-68.23) = -23.16*2.44*(T_{f}-10.76)\\1.45T_{f} -99.19 = -56.51T_{f} +608.15\\T_{f} = 12.20 C[/tex]

A flare would be seen in visible light even though they are much brighter in x-ray and ultraviolet light because (D) The telescopes need to be in space in order to observe x-ray and ultraviolet light.

When the Sun's powerful magnetic fields get too twisted, flares happen. The tangled magnetic fields snap when they are overtwisted, much like a rubber band that snaps when overtwisted.

A quick explosion of energy known as a solar flare is brought on by the tangling, crossing, or reorganisation of magnetic field lines close to sunspots. It contains electrically charged gases that produce strong magnetic fields in some regions.

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A reaction mechanism is a detailed explanation of the steps involved in a chemical reaction. As a result of the reaction, intermediates, transition states, and products are produced.

The least amount of energy required for a reaction to take place is called activation energy. An intermediate state in a reaction where the reactants have sufficient energy to generate a reaction product is known as an activated complex

. Because the activation energy is the quantity of energy required to break down the energy barrier separating the reactants and the products, it is connected to the energy of reaction

Even though a collision has more energy than the activation energy, a reaction might not happen because the reactants need to be in the right orientation and at the right distance for a reaction product to develop.

Because it takes less energy to break through the energy barrier separating the reactants and the products, the mechanism with the lower activation energy will operate at a quicker rate.

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A reaction mechanism is a detailed explanation of the steps involved in a chemical reaction. As a result of the reaction, intermediates, transition states, and products are produced.

The least amount of energy required for a reaction to take place is called activation energy. An intermediate state in a reaction where the reactants have sufficient energy to generate a reaction product is known as an activated complex

. Because the activation energy is the quantity of energy required to break down the energy barrier separating the reactants and the products, it is connected to the energy of reaction

Even though a collision has more energy than the activation energy, a reaction might not happen because the reactants need to be in the right orientation and at the right distance for a reaction product to develop.

Because it takes less energy to break through the energy barrier separating the reactants and the products, the mechanism with the lower activation energy will operate at a quicker rate.

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To answer this question, we need to know the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between iron (III) oxide and another substance that would produce iron.

Assuming the reaction is:

Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂

This equation tells us that one mole of Fe₂O₃ reacts with three moles of CO to produce two moles of Fe. We can use this information to calculate the number of moles of Fe that can be produced from 450 grams of Fe₂O₃.

Convert the mass of Fe₂O₃ to moles in the first step:

Molar mass of Fe₂O₃ = 2 x atomic mass of Fe + 3 x atomic mass of O = 2 x 55.85 + 3 x 16.00 = 159.69 g/mol

Number of moles of Fe₂O₃ = 450 g / 159.69 g/mol = 2.82 mol

According to the balanced chemical equation, 1 mole of Fe₂O₃ produces 2 moles of Fe. Therefore, the number of moles of Fe that can be produced from 2.82 mol of Fe₂O₃ is:

Number of moles of Fe = 2.82 mol x (2 mol Fe / 1 mol Fe₂O₃) = 5.64 mol

Convert the number of moles of Fe to grams in the final step:

Molar mass of Fe = 55.85 g/mol

Mass of Fe produced = 5.64 mol x 55.85 g/mol = 315.89 g

Therefore, if 450 grams of iron (lll) oxide are reacted with carbon monoxide to produce iron, the amount of iron produced would be 315.89 grams.

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Answer: pH of the solution is 5.47

Explanation: Since HNO3 is a strong acid the concentration of H+ is the same as NO3- only because they are in 1-to-1 ratio. Both ions will have 3.4 x 10^-6 M.

The formula of pH is: pH = -log( the equilibrium concentration of H+ )

When you plug in the concentration of H+:

pH = -log (3.4 x 10^.6 M)

pH = 5.47

Remember: Only the digits after the decimal point are significant figures in logarithms.

For example: 5.47 only has 2 significant figures.

Equilibrium concentration of C₆H₅COO⁻ in the solution is calculated as 2.008 × 10⁻⁴ M.

Measure of the strength of  acid in any solution is called acid-dissociation constant.

The dissociation reaction of benzoic acid (C₆H₅COOH) in water can be represented as follows: C₆H₅COOH + H₂O ⇌ C₆H₅COO⁻ + H₃O⁺

Ka = [C₆H₅CO⁻][H₃O⁺] / [C₆H₅COOH]

Ka = [C₆H₅COO⁻][H₃O⁺] / [C₆H₅COOH]

6.3 × 10⁻⁵ = [C₆H₅COO⁻[H₃O⁺] / 0.0064

[C₆H₅COO-][H₃O⁺] = 6.3 × 10⁻⁵ × 0.0064

[C₆H₅COO⁻][H3O⁺] = 4.032 × 10⁻⁷

[C₆H₅COO⁻] = x

[H₃O⁺] = x

x² = 4.032 × 10⁻⁷

x = √(4.032 × 10⁻⁷)

x = 2.008 × 10⁻⁴

Therefore, the equilibrium concentration of C₆H₅COO⁻ in the solution is 2.008 × 10⁻⁴ M.

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Zinc carbonate reacts with hydrogen nitrate in the following balanced chemical equation: 2ZnCO3(aq) + HNO3(aq) 2Zn(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l). The reactant on the left side of the equation is the solid zinc carbonate (ZnCO3).

The reactant on the right side of the equation is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (HNO3). The end results are water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) as a gas, and zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2) also in an aqueous solution. For a reaction to take place, each of the reactants and products must be in the appropriate phase.

The mole ratio of the reactants is 1:1, hence each species' coefficient in the balanced equation must be equal. The coefficient in the balanced equation is two.

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The mechanism is: Step 1: Protonation of carbonyl group, Step : Formation of enol intermediate, Step 3: Nucleophilic attack by benzaldehyde, Step 4: Proton transfer, Step 5: Rearrangement, 

The overall reaction can be represented as: Acetophenone + Benzaldehyde → Aldol intermediate → α,β-unsaturated ketone + H₂O. The acid catalyst (such as HCl or H₂SO₄) protonates the carbonyl group of the acetophenone, making it more susceptible to nucleophilic attack by the benzaldehyde, then protonated acetophenone then loses a water molecule to form an enol intermediate. The enol intermediate acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl group of the benzaldehyde, forming a new carbon-carbon bond.

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10.50 kg of iron will be produced from 15 kg of iron (III) oxide.

The amount of matter in an item is measured by its mass, which is a fundamental physical quantity. It is a scalar amount that is measured in kilograms (kg) or grams (g). Regardless of an object's location or the force pressing against it, its mass always remains constant.

Iron (III) oxide and elemental iron react chemically in the following balanced chemical equation:

2 Fe2O3+ 3 C = 4 Fe + 3 CO2

Due to the reaction between 2 moles of Fe2O3 and 4 moles of Fe, the mole ratio of Fe2O3 to Fe is either 2:4 or 1:2.

The amount of iron created from 15 kg of Fe2O3 can be calculated using this mole ratio:

Fe2O3 = 2 moles of Fe per mole.

Fe2O3's molecular weight is 159.69 g/mol.

Fe2O3 has a mass of 15 kg and a density of 15,000 g/mol, or 94.00 moles.

We can figure out how many moles of Fe were produced using the mole ratio of 1:2:

We can figure out how many moles of Fe were produced using the mole ratio of 1:2:

2 moles of Fe for each mole of Fe2O3 94.00 moles of Fe2O3 multiplied by (2 moles of Fe for each mole of Fe2O3) results in 188.00 moles of Fe.

The molar mass of Fe can then be used to convert the moles of iron to mass as follows:

Fe's molecular weight is 55.85 g/mol.

188.00 moles of Fe produced at a rate of 55.85 g/mol result in a mass of 10,499.80 g or 10.50 kg.

Hence, 10.50 kg of iron will be produced from 15 kg of iron (III) oxide.

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The specific heat of chromium is 0.436 J/g·°C, assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings.

Using the principle of conservation of energy, we can determine the heat gained by the water, which is equal to the heat lost by the chromium.

The heat gained by the water can be calculated using the formula:

q₁  = m₁  × C₁  × ΔT

where q₁  is the heat gained by the water, m₁  is the mass of water, C₁  is the specific heat of water, and ΔT is the change in temperature of the water.

Substituting the given values, we get:

q₁  = (85.09 g) × (4.184 J/g·°C) × (27.35 °C - 21.20 °C)

q₁ = 1,454.67 J

The heat lost by the chromium can be written as:

q₂ = -q₁ = -1,454.67 J

The heat lost by the chromium can also be expressed as:

q₂ = m₂ × C₂ × ΔT

where m₂ is the mass of chromium, C₂ is the specific heat of chromium, and ΔT is the change in temperature of the chromium.

Substituting the given values and solving for C₂, we get:

C₂ = -q₂ ÷ (m₂ × ΔT)

C₂ = -1,454.67 J ÷ (67.38 g × (97.97 °C - 27.35 °C))

C₂ = 0.436 J/g·°C

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Hard water contains higher levels of minerals such as calcium and magnesium, while soft water has low levels of these minerals. While both hard and soft water can be safe for drinking, hard water is generally considered safer due to the minerals it contains.

The minerals in hard water can actually be beneficial to human health, as they are important for strong bones and teeth. In addition, the minerals in hard water can help to balance the body's electrolytes and may have other health benefits.

Soft water, on the other hand, may contain higher levels of sodium or other chemicals used in the softening process. While these levels are generally considered safe, some people with certain health conditions may need to avoid drinking water with higher sodium levels.

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Answer:

Memory formation involves similar cognitive processes, such as encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, that are common to all humans regardless of their cultural background. Also, memory formation is a fundamental cognitive function that allows individuals to acquire, retain, and recall information from past experiences or learning, and it is necessary for various cognitive tasks such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

While there could be cultural influences on memory, such as language, social norms, education, and cultural practices, the basic cognitive processes of memory formation are considered to be universal. The encoding process, where information is acquired and processed into a memory representation, is similar across cultures in terms of how sensory information is transformed into neural codes. The storage process, where information is retained over time, and the retrieval process, where information is recalled and brought back into consciousness, are also considered to be universal cognitive functions.

It is important to emphasize that cultural factors can influence how memory is experienced, expressed, and used in different cultures, but the underlying cognitive processes of memory formation are believed to be similar across cultures. Research on memory has been conducted across various cultures and populations, and while there may be cultural variations in memory processes, the basic cognitive mechanisms of memory formation are considered to be universal. It is important to consider cultural context when studying or interpreting memory processes, but the fundamental cognitive processes of memory formation are generally believed to be universal across cultures.

A system that can share both matter and energy with its surroundings is called "open." The given sentence, "The container contains 8 grams of liquid water and 4 grams of water vapor," says that water molecules have left the container in the form of water vapor. This means that both matter (water vapor) and energy (in the form of heat to turn liquid water into water vapor) have been shared between the container and its surroundings. So, it's likely that the container is an open system.

A closed system, on the other hand, lets energy (in the form of heat or work) but not matter flow between itself and its surroundings. On the other hand, a separated system can't share either matter or energy with its surroundings.

The other choices in the question don't say anything about the presence of water vapor. Instead, they only talk about the presence of water in different forms (like liquid water or ice) or the amount of water (in grams). Without water vapor, there would be no reason to think that the system is open because there would be no sign that matter (water vapor) is being traded with the outside world. Since both liquid water and water mist are mentioned in answer choice E, this suggests that the container is an open system.

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Answer:

C. The container contains 8 grams of liquid water and no ice.

Explanation:

Open system allows the ice to melt and some to evaporate out of the cup.