Answer:In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond and is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair. Lone pairs are found in the outermost electron shell of atoms. They can be identified by using a Lewis structure.
Draw the mechanism for the following reaction: Draw step 1 of the mechanism (include lone pairs in your answer and don't explicitly draw hydrogen atoms in the products for this step of mechanism):
The first step of the given reaction is the protonation of the -OH group as shown in the attached diagram.
What is protonation?In chemistry, protonation can be described as the adding of a proton or hydrogen cation to an atom, or molecule forming a conjugate acid.
Protonation can be described as a fundamental reaction and is a step in many stoichiometric and catalytic processes. Some ions and molecules undergo more than one protonation and are referred to as polybasic, which is true of many macromolecules. Protonation and deprotonation occur in most acid-base reactions which are the core of most acid-base reaction theories.
Protonating or deprotonating a molecule change many other properties, not only the charge and mass, for example, solubility, reduction potential, hydrophilicity, and optical properties can change.
In the given reaction the addition of conc. H₂SO₄ will provide the proton to the lone pairs of the oxygen of the hydroxyl group.
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20.0 grams of a silvery metal is heated to 100 c. the metal is placed in calorimeter filled with 100.0 g of water at 25.2 c. the water temperature raises to 28.3 c. what is the specific heat of the metal? remember the water and metal will have the same final temperature.
The specific heat of the metal is 4.52 J/g°C.
What is specific heat?
Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise a substance's temperature by one degree Celsius per gramme. Typically, the units of specific heat are calories or joules per gramme per degree Celsius. The specific heat of water, for instance, is 1 calorie (or 4.186 joules) per gramme per degree Celsius.
The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy (in joules) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that substance by 1 degree Celsius.
To calculate the specific heat of the metal, we can use the following equation:
Specific heat = (mass of metal × change in temperature of metal) ÷ (mass of water × change in temperature of water)
In this case, the mass of metal is 20.0 g, the change in temperature of metal is 100°C - 28.3°C = 71.7°C, the mass of water is 100.0 g, and the change in temperature of water is 28.3°C - 25.2°C = 3.1°C.
Using these values in the equation gives us:
Specific heat = (20.0 g × 71.7°C) ÷ (100.0 g × 3.1°C)
Specific heat = 4.52 J/g°C
Therefore, the specific heat of the metal is 4.52 J/g°C.
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Which orbitals on carbon are used for pi bonding?
The sp2 hybridized orbital in the carbon atom is made up of a 2s electron, a 2px electron, and a 2py orbital. It can form a total of three sigma bonds. The 2pz electrons of the carbon atoms now form a pi bond with each other.
What is pi bonding ?Perpendicular to any sigma bonds between the identical atoms, this bond is created by the overlap of the p orbitals on the two adjacent atoms.
Pi bonds are covalent interactions between two atoms and a pair of electrons that are situated in orbitals that are roughly parallel to the line formed by the two atoms.
Since it only has two carbon atoms two of which are doubly linked to one another and four hydrogen atoms, ethene is frequently regarded as the most basic alkene. Carbon has an electrical arrangement of 1s^2 2s^2 2p^2. An electron is promoted from the 2s orbital to the 2p orbital in its excited state, though.
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after one more cycle of gaseous diffusion, what is the percentage of 235uf6 in the sample? (in your calculations unrounded values from previous parts should be used.)
The diffusion is ratio is 1.0043 : 1 for the cycle of gaseous diffusion of the 235uf6 in the sample.
Gaseous diffusion enrichment is primarily based totally at the small mass distinction among 235UF6 and 238UF6, this means that that the 235UF6 travels barely greater speedy at a given temperature.
The more velocity of the 235UF6 molecules way that they effect with the membrane greater regularly and are consequently much more likely to byskip thru one of the pores. Gaseous diffusion refers back to the go with the drift of remember whilst there may be a distinction in awareness of the cloth among the indoors of the concrete and the outside environment, or among distinctive areas inside a concrete mass.
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Identify all of the chirality centers in the structure. The chirality centers are: DA DB DC DE F NH OH H Н O DI Он OK OL 8 ON OM 00 00 UP OR
A, B, C, G, I, J, K, M, N, P, and R are the chirality centers.There should be four distinct functional groups affixed to chiral centres. Since D and E have a double bond that prevents them from having four separate functional groups, they are not chiral centers.
What is chirality ?When a molecule is chiral, it means that its mirror image—it must have one—is not the same as itself. Chirality is basically defined as "mirror-image, non-superimposable molecules."
The molecule is referred to as chiral if no combination of translations or rotations can superimpose the molecule's image on its mirror counterpart. Chiral compounds are defined as those that contain the Chiral Centre.
F doesn't qualify as a chiral centre since it has two methyl groups attached, which defeats the requirement that a centre have four "distinct" functional groups.
Due to the two connected Hydrogens, the chiral centres H, O, and Q are not.
Due to a double certificate of indebtedness with oxygen, L does not have a chiral centre.
Thus, A, B, C, G, I, J, K, M, N, P, and R are the chirality centers.
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How many atoms are in 1 mole of g?
One mole of a substance will contain [tex]6.022*10^{23}[/tex] atoms or molecules of that substance (or even ions).
The mole is a common unit of measurement in chemistry for the amounts of reactants and products in chemical processes. Previously, "mole of molecules" and "mole of atoms" were denoted by the terms gram-molecule and gram-atom, respectively. The quantity of dissolved material per unit volume of solution is known as a solution's molar concentration, and the unit generally used to describe this quantity is moles per litre (mol/L).
The ratio of a sample's mass to the substance's total mass is known as the molar mass of a material. The number of moles in the sample serves as a measure of the substance's quantity.
The proportionality factor that connects the quantity of material in a sample with the number of constituent particles in that sample is called the Avogadro constant, often known as NA or L. It has a precise value of [tex]6.02214076*10^{23}[/tex] reciprocal moles and serves as a SI defining constant.
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Why RMS value is divided by root 2?
The RMS voltage of a sinusoidal is always the peak voltage divided by the square root of 2. The RMS or root mean square current/voltage of an AC current/voltage represents a DC current, a current/voltage that outputs the same average power as an AC current/voltage outputs.
What is RMS value?
In mathematics and its applications, the root mean square of a set of numbers is defined as the square root of the mean square (arithmetic mean of squares) of that set. RMS, also called root mean square, is a special case of generalized mean. The RMS value of a continuously varying function can be defined as the integral of the square of the instantaneous value over one cycle.
For AC current, RMS equals the value of constant DC current that produces the same power consumption with a resistive load. In estimation theory, the root mean square error of an estimator is a measure of the imperfection of the estimator's fit to the data.
The RMS voltage of a sinusoidal is always the peak voltage divided by the square root of 2. The RMS or root mean square current/voltage of an AC current/voltage represents a DC current, a current/voltage that outputs the same average power as an AC current/voltage outputs.
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A chemist wants to build a model of an element using a box. What should the box be filled with to show the relationship between atoms and elements?.
To show the relationship between atoms and elements, the chemist should fill the model with: A. All red marbles because an element is made up of the same atoms.
What is the relationship between atom and element?An atom is the smallest unit of matter whereas an element is the simplest form of a substance composed of only one type of atom. For example, a chemist wants to build a model of a hydrogen element with marbles in a box. So, they should fill the box with only one type of marble (for example, all red marbles) to represent that hydrogen elements are composed of only hydrogen atoms.
This question is incomplete. The complete query is as follows:
“A chemist wants to model an element using a box filled with marbles. What should the box be filled with to show the relationship between atoms and elements?
A. All red marbles because an element is made up of the same atoms.B. An equal number of red and blue marbles because an element is made up of an equal ratio of atoms.C. An equal number of red and blue marbles because bonds form between atoms that have different properties.”Learn more about atoms and elements here https://brainly.com/question/28424113
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What is the mass of 1 mole of magnesium oxide?
The mass of 1 mole of magnesium oxide is 40.3044 g/mol.
The molecular weight of a substance is equal to its mass in one mole. Water, for example, has a mean molecular weight of 18.015 atomic mass units (amu), implying that one mole of water weighs 18.015 grams. In the International System of Units, the mole (symbol mol) is the unit of substance amount (SI). The amount of substance is a measurement of how many elementary entities of a given substance are present in an object or sample. An elementary entity can be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an ion pair, or a subatomic particle such as an electron, depending on the substance.
The mole is widely used in chemistry to express quantities of reactants and products of chemical reactions. The term gram-molecule was formerly used for "mole of molecules", and gram-atom for "mole of atoms".
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how many grams of water react to form 6.21 moles of ca(oh)2? cao(s) + h2o(l) → ca(oh)2(s)
Mole measure the number of elementary entities of a given substance that are present in a given sample. Therefore, 111.78g of water react to form 6.21 moles of Ca(OH)[tex]_2[/tex].
What is mole?The SI unit of amount of substance in chemistry is mole. The mole is used to measure the quantity or amount of substance. We know one mole of any element contains 6.022×10²³ atoms which is also called Avogadro number.
Mathematically,
mole =given mass ÷ molar mass
CaO(s) + H[tex]_2[/tex]O(l) → Ca(OH)[tex]_2[/tex]
moles of Ca(OH)[tex]_2[/tex] =6.21 moles
To produce 1 mole of Ca(OH)[tex]_2[/tex], 1 mole of H[tex]_2[/tex]O(l) is required.
mole of water =6.21 moles
mass of water=6.21 moles ×18
=111.78g
Therefore, 111.78g of water react to form 6.21 moles of Ca(OH)[tex]_2[/tex].
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What temp kills E coli in water?
At temperatures above 149°F (65°C), according to a trusted source from the World Health Organization (WHO), bacteria are quickly destroyed. This temperature is lower than either simmering water or even boiling water.
What is the main purpose of world health organization?WHO works internationally to advance health, ensure global security, and assist the weak. Our objective is to ensure that a further billion people have access to universal health coverage, that another billion are shielded from medical emergencies, and that a third billion enjoy better health and wellbeing.
What is the full meaning of health?Well-being is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not simply the absence of illness or disability.
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Determine the isotope symbol that fits each description. a. 68 neutrons, 47 electrons b. mass number = 197, 79 electrons c. atomic number = 86, 136 neutrons d. atomic number = 76, mass number = 192
The isotope symbol that fits each description is as follows: 68 neutrons, 47 electrons is Ag b. mass number = 197, 79 electrons is Au c. atomic number = 86, 136 neutrons is Rn d. atomic number = 76, mass number = 192 is Os.
Isotopes are two or more atom types that share the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei), location in the periodic table, and chemical element but have distinct nucleon numbers (mass numbers) as a result of having a different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Although the chemical properties of each isotope of a given element are nearly identical, they differ in their atomic weights and physical characteristics.
The name "isotope" refers to the fact that different isotopes of the same element occupy the same location on the periodic table. The word "isotope" is derived from Greek origins that mean "the same place".
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2 Calculate the volume occupied, at rtp, 12.5 moles of sulfur dioxide gas. (One mole of any gas occupies a
volume of 24 dm³ at rtp.)
Answer:
300 dm³
Explanation:
According to the information given in this problem, SO₂ is 24 dm³/mol at rtp.
We are trying to find the volume of 12.5 moles of SO₂, so we can do the following math to solve:
12.5 mol SO₂ × 24 dm³/mol ⇒ mol cancels out, leaving us with dm³
300 dm³
Therefore, the volume occupied is 300 dm³
The idea stating that matter is made up of small particles that are in constant motion is.
The Kinetic Molecular Theory, which can help explain the behavior of motion in gases, liquids, and solids.
What is the end result of the Krebs cycle?
According to question, oxaloacetic acid is the end result of the Krebs cycle .
The cycle transforms the chemical energy of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide's reducing force (NADH). The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle, is the main source of energy for cells and a crucial stage in aerobic respiration.
The Krebs cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the citric acid cycle, is the central component of cellular metabolism and is crucial for the production of both energy and biomolecules. It helps the synthesis of ATP while completing the sugar cleavage work that was started during glycolysis.
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how would you round 34.9279 if there was 3 sig figs and 4 sig figs
what was one conclusion j.j. thomson reached as a result of his experiments with cathode rays?
The cathode ray experiment was conducted by J.J.Thomson. The main conclusions of his experiment was that the rays were negatively charged and moves around the positively charged rays.
The characteristics of these rays does not depends upon the nature of the gas filled tube used for the experiment and aslo it does not depends upon nature of the electrode material used. In his experiment also, the stram of rays came out and the cathode rays are attracted to anode rays.
This cathode ray experiment and this theory also helped in understanding the structure of an atom and the moment of atoms in a molecule.
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4x
In solution, an electrolyte produces
A ions
B
A(n)
more solute.
A
B
energy
A
B
saturated
solution can dissolve
unsaturated
A(n)
x maximum amount of solute.
solution has dissolved the
saturated
unsaturated
A(n)
solution, when heated
4x and cooled slowly, will have more solute
dissolved at a particular temperature than
should be.
To solve this, we must know each and every concept that is related to electrolytic solution. Therefore, In solution, an electrolyte produces ions. The correct option is option A.
What is electrolyte?In chemistry and physics, an electrolyte is a substance that conducts electric current by separating into positively and negatively charged particles known as ions, which migrate toward and are normally released at the negative and positive terminals.
Acids, bases, and salts are the most common electrolytes, which ionize when saturated in solvents such as water or alcohol. An electrolyte readily dissociates into ions in solution.
Therefore, in solution, an electrolyte produces ions. The correct option is option A.
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an atom of chlorine has the electron configuration [ne] 3s2 3p5. determine how many atomic orbitals in this atom are occupied by at least one electron.
An atom of chlorine have 5 atomic orbitals in which each at least one electron is present.
Atomic orbitals are mathematical functions that give knowledge into the wave idea of electrons (or sets of electrons) that exist around the cores of atoms. In the fields of quantum mechanics and nuclear hypothesis, these numerical capabilities are much of the time utilized to decide the likelihood of tracking down an electron (having a place with a molecule) in a particular district around the core of the particle.
It is critical to take note of that the term 'atomic orbital' can likewise be utilized to allude to the actual space or actual locale around an atom's core wherein the likelihood of a particular electron being available is greatest. The presence of an electron in such a locale is anticipated by the numerical type of the atomic orbital.
Electronic configuration of chlorine is 1s²,2s²,2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵.It means 2 electrons are present in 1 s orbitals,2 electrons are present in 2s orbitals ,6 electrons are present in 2p orbital,2 electrons are present in 3s orbitals and 5 electrons are present in 3p orbitals.
Hence,5 atomic orbitals contains at least one electron.
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(Complete question) is:
an atom of chlorine has the electron configuration [ne] 3s² 3p⁵. determine how many atomic orbitals in this atom are occupied by at least one electron
What are the types of chemical?
Combustion, breakdown, single-replacement, double-replacement, and combinations are the five fundamental types of chemical reactions.
How many substances are being used?Scientists have for the first time compiled a global inventory of more than 350,000 chemicals and chemical mixes that are authorized for commercial manufacturing and usage, which is up to three times the number typically assumed.
What chemical is the most widely used?Sulfuric acid, also referred to as H2SO4, is the chemical that is most frequently manufactured worldwide. The majority of the time, it is utilized in fertilizers, but it is also present in many industrial cleaning products.
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What is the formula for root mean speed?
The root mean square speed formula is , v=√(3RT/M).
What can be predicted from formula?As per the formula v= √(3RT/m)
T is the temperature
m is the mass of the molecules
R is the Gas constant
The temperature must be converted to kelvin and the molar mass must be found in Kg.
Any change in temperature and molar mass affect the speed of gas molecules.
The speed of the molecules in a gas is proportional to the temperature and is inversely proportional to the molar mass of the gas.
In other words, as their temperature increases, their speed increases, and finally their total energy increases as well.
But still, it's not possible to define the speed of any one gas particle. As such, the speed of gases are defined in terms of their root mean square speed.
Thus, the root mean square speed formula is , v=√(3RT/M) is well defined.
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What are the products of the following reactions?
1) cyclopentanone + cyclohexylamine
2) 3-pentanone + butylamine
3) 3-pentanone + cyclohexylamine
Imines are the nitrogen analogues of aldehydes and ketones, containing a C=N bond instead of a C=O bond.
They are formed through the addition of a primary amine to an aldehyde or ketone, kicking out a molecule of water (H2O) in the process.
In this post we show some examples of the synthesis of imines, walk through the mechanism for their formation, provide a few of their reactions and compare their properties to those of aldehydes and ketones.
A primary amine is added nucleophilically to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone to begin the reversible process of amine production. After that, a proton transfer creates a carbinolamine, a neutral amino alcohol. The carbinolamine oxygen is acid protonated to create a better leaving group, which is then removed as water to create an iminium ion. The ultimate imine product is produced when nitrogen is deprotonated.
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1. Is there a difference between normal, dry, and oil shampoo?
2. Benefits of 2-in-1 shampoo and conditioner
Please put the URL (the info you got from)
The difference between normal, dry, and oil shampoo are the forms that they come in. Normal is a liquid. Dry is powder and so solid, while oil shampoo is oily.
The benefits of 2-in-1 shampoo and conditioner include :
Saves time on washing and cleaning hair Is more environmentally sustainable due to less water used What are the benefits of 2-in-1 shampoo and conditioners?A 2 -in-1 saves you time by avoiding the two separate shower stages while also moisturizing and cleansing your hair. Bringing one bottle of 2-in-1 shampoo and conditioner whether you're traveling or showering on the move, for instance, not only saves you time showering but also valuable room in your cosmetics bag."
The sustainability benefit of a 2-in-1 would be its second advantage. In addition to buying fewer things (presumably resulting in less plastic trash), you are also (again, theoretically) using less water in the shower.
Dry shampoo is a powder used for dry cleaning. Ordinary shampoo cleans like soap. Because it is stronger than dry shampoo, regular shampoo is more drying.
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using ethylene (h2c=ch2) as your only source of carbon atoms, outline a synthesis for 3-hexanone.
Using ethylene (h2c=ch2) as only source of carbon atoms, the outline for synthesis for 3-hexanone is:
1. Hydrohalogenation
2. Nucleophilic attack
3. Halogenation
4. Elimination
5. Removal of acidic proton and nucleophilic substitution
6.Removal of acidic proton and nucleophilic substitution
7. Hydration
A nucleophilic substitution is a type of chemical reaction in which an electron-rich chemical species replaces an electron-deficient molecule's functional group. The substrate is the molecule that includes the electrophile and the leaving functional group.
An electron-rich nucleophile engages a positively charged electrophile to replace a leaving group in a nucleophilic substitution process. The C6 carboxylate group is the most reactive nucleophile in alginate reactions. Nucleophilic substitutions include a nucleophile replacing a leaving group in SN1 reactions (just like SN2). SN1 reactions, on the other hand, are unimolecular: the rate of this reaction is determined only by the concentration of one ingredient.
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when 36700 j of heatare applied to a 320 g sample of an unkown substance the temp rises from 25 c to 173c what is the specific heatr
The total specific heat in the sample of the unknown substance is 775 J/kg.K
Specific heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one object to another. It can be said that specific heat is the amount of heat needed by a substance to increase its temperature.
Specific heat can be transferred by heating an object to raise its temperature. To take it can be by cooling the object to lower its temperature.
The formula for locking heat by convention:
Heat Capacity
C = Q / ΔT
With:
C is the heat capacity (J/K)
ΔT is the change in temperature (K)
Q is the amount of heat (J)
On the question:
Q = 36700 J, m = 320 g, ΔT = T2 –T1 = 173 – 25 = 148
C = Q / ΔT
C = 36700 J/148
C = 247.97 ≈ 248 J/K
Calculate the specific heat of a substance
C = m × c
C is the heat capacity (J/K)
c is the specific heat of the substance (J/kg.K )
C = m × c
248 = 0.32 x c
c = 248 : 0.32
c = 775 J/kg.K
the specific heat is 775 J/kg.K
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2. why did the beaker for the naoh solution need to be dry before filling with the naoh titrant? of the beaker still contained water, would your final estimate of the mass % acetic acid in vinegar be too high or too low?
The titration of the standardized sodium hydroxide solution with an acid will result in a delayed endpoint or a positive bias if we use a beaker with leftover water.
Why is it necessary to standardize NaOH before titration?To determine the precise concentration of a solution whose concentration is uncertain, a NaOH N an O H solution must be standardized. To get an equivalency point and determine the unknown concentration, we titrate a known volume of NaOH N an O H with an acid in a flask during standardization.
What is the maximum permissible level of acetic acid in vinegar?Acetic acid, also known as ethanol, is a weak organic acid (carboxylic acid). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates vinegar, which needs to have a minimum acidity of 5% in order to be considered legal.
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What one thing affects boiling point elevation and freezing point depression the most in a solution?
The most important factor affecting both the boiling point elevation and freezing point depression in a solution is the concentration of the solute.
What is solute?A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solution. It is usually a solid or a liquid, but it can also be a gas or an ion. A solute can be either organic or inorganic in nature. In a solution, the solute is the component that is present in the lesser amount; the other component is the solvent. A solution is formed when the solute is dissolved in the solvent. The amount of solute in a solution is typically measured in terms of molarity, which is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
As the concentration of the solute increases, the boiling point and freezing point of the solution will both increase. This is because the solute particles interfere with the intermolecular attractions of the solvent particles, making them less effective and thus allowing the solvent particles to move more freely and at a higher temperature.
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[URGENT!] - Acids and Bases
If 2.00 grams of NaOH were added to 2.0 liters of distilled water, what would be the change in pH (from 7.0 to what)?
Explanation:
To determine the change in pH, we need to know the concentration of the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The concentration of a solution is defined as the amount of solute (in this case, NaOH) per unit volume of solvent (in this case, water). The concentration of a solution is usually expressed in units of moles per liter (M).
Since the mass of NaOH and the volume of the solution are given, we can calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution using the formula:
[NaOH] = mass / (molar mass * volume)
The molar mass of NaOH is 39.997 g/mol, so the concentration of the NaOH solution is:
[NaOH] = 2.00 g / (39.997 g/mol * 2.0 L) = 0.0500 M
Since sodium hydroxide is a strong base, it will completely dissociate into sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution. The concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution is therefore equal to the concentration of the NaOH solution. The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution. Since the concentration of H+ ions in a basic solution is very low, the pH of a basic solution is very high.
The change in pH can be calculated using the formula:
pH = -log[H+]
Substituting the concentration of hydroxide ions for [H+] and solving for pH, we find that the change in pH is:
pH = -log[OH-] = -log(0.0500 M) = 3.30
The pH of the solution will increase from 7.0 to 10.3 as a result of adding 2.00 grams of NaOH to 2.0 liters of distilled water.
Which type of environmental scientist is likely to study the effects of chemical spills on the environment? a. Hydrologist b. Toxicologist c. Environmental physician d. Ecologist please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d.
The environmental scientist which is likely to study the effects of chemical spills on the environment is: B. Toxicologist.
What is a toxicologist?
A toxicologist is a type of scientist with a strong understanding of the effects of substances on humans, other living organisms, and the environment. Toxicologists are divided into three major subdivisions:
Environmental toxicologist. They study the effects of toxic chemicals on the natural ecosystems the other organisms belong to.Forensic toxicologist. They perform scientific tests to identify any drugs or chemicals in the body’s fluids or tissue samples.Economic toxicologist. They analyze the harmful effects of chemicals that are intentionally administered to biological issues to achieve the desired result.Learn more about toxicology here https://brainly.com/question/24442473
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Why does oxygen have a 2 next to it?
Answer: In the above reaction oxygen is written as O2 because it is diatomic.
Explanation: