how might the sampling bias of ogihara and uchida’s study of students’ well- being have affected the results of the study?

The critical result of the latent learning experiment by Tolman-Honzik (1930) was that rats who had been allowed to explore a maze without any apparent reward for doing so were able to navigate the maze more quickly and efficiently when given a reward for doing so.

The researchers in this experiment saw that the rats had learned the layout of the maze during their exploratory trials, despite not receiving a reward for doing so. This type of learning, which occurs without any obvious reinforcement, is referred to as latent learning. The implications of this experiment for the researchers' understanding of learning were significant. Previously, behaviorists believed that all learning was the result of reinforcement, meaning that behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments. However, Tolman-Honzik's experiment showed that learning can occur even without reinforcement and that animals are capable of forming cognitive maps of their environments. Therefore, the critical result of the latent learning experiment by Tolman and Honzik was that animals are capable of learning even without reinforcement and that cognitive processes such as memory and spatial awareness are involved in this type of learning. This expanded the understanding of how animals learn and challenged the previously held belief that all learning is the result of reinforcement.

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The statement among the given options that are correct is, "Native Americans have a far higher infant mortality rate than the national average. "This is a true statement regarding Native Americans.

Native Americans:

Native Americans now have the opportunity to teach children exclusively in their native language in schools operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Currently, the Native American population exceeds 2 million. However, despite this progress, Native Americans still face significant challenges. They are less than half as likely to complete college compared to other Americans. Additionally, Native Americans experience a significantly higher infant mortality rate than the national average. These disparities highlight the ongoing need for targeted support and resources to address educational and healthcare gaps within the Native American community. Efforts to improve access to quality education and healthcare services are crucial for empowering and uplifting Native American individuals and communities.

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The correct answer is option A, which refers to how challenging it is to store all of this information in working memory.

Working memory, also known as short-term memory, is a cognitive function in which a finite quantity of information is stored for a brief period of time, often between 10 and 15 seconds. Three separate working memory subtypes—phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive—can be distinguished.

The visuospatial sketchpad stores and processes visual and spatial information, whereas the phonological loop processes and stores auditory and linguistic information. On the other side, the central executive is in charge of coordinating and integrating information between these two parts.Imagine that you are mentally adding up five 2-digit digits as you calculate your most recent outgoings. You sense that your memory has been taxed as you start to compute the final total. This strain can be attributed to how challenging it is to store all of this information in working memory.

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A person with an extreme need to be admired and an inflated sense of self-importance most likely has Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).

Narcissistic Personality Disorder is a personality disorder characterized by an excessive preoccupation with one's own self, a need for constant admiration and attention, a sense of entitlement, and a lack of empathy for others.

Individuals with NPD often have an exaggerated sense of their own abilities and achievements, and they may have grandiose fantasies about their power, beauty, or success. They seek constant validation and admiration from others and may exploit or manipulate others to meet their own needs.

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This particular statement expresses the intention of the states to form a "firm league of friendship" for common defense, the security of their liberties  and their mutual welfare.

The  passage (that has the statement) you are referring to is from the Articles of Confederation, which was the first constitution of the United States of America.

However  the Articles of Confederation did not provide a strong central government with the power to enforce its provisions effectively. it established a loose confederation where the individual states retained significant sovereignty, making it difficult for the central government to enforce laws and coordinate actions.

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The signs that might Kiara have recognized in Siraj to come to that conclusion that he is getting bullied are:

Kiara may have recognized these symptoms in Siraj, leading her to suspect that he is being bullied. Stomachaches, headaches, and other pains are common physical manifestations of stress and anxiety. Giving up on activities he once enjoyed suggests a loss of interest and emotional withdrawal. Feeling more anxious than usual could be an indication of a bullying situation causing fear and insecurity.

Missing a lot of alcohol or using it excessively may be a way for Siraj to self-medicate or escape from the emotional pain caused by bullying. However, having higher concentration in school is not typically associated with being bullied and thus is not a symptom Kiara would have noticed.

Options A, B, C, and D are correct.

The complete question:

Kiara is afraid that her friend Siraj is getting bullied: what signs might she have recognized in him to come to that conclusion? Choose all that apply.

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Logic is defined as a body of knowledge that evaluates reasoning and arguments.

Logic serves as a systematic framework for evaluating the validity and soundness of reasoning and arguments. It provides principles and rules for analyzing the structure of statements and assessing the coherence and validity of logical deductions. By using logical principles, one can determine whether an argument is valid or invalid, and whether the conclusions drawn are supported by the premises.

Logic helps in identifying fallacies, inconsistencies, and errors in reasoning, thus enabling clear and rational thinking. It plays a crucial role in various disciplines such as mathematics, philosophy, computer science, and linguistics.

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The option d. refers to the process of getting information out of memory storage is correct with respect to the effortful processing of information.

The effortful processing of information refers to the process of consciously engaging in mental activity to achieve a goal. This processing requires a high level of attention, focus, and control, as well as practice to become automatic. This practice results in a shift from conscious, effortful processing to automatic processing and the movement of information from short-term to long-term memory storage.

Retrieval is the process of bringing information back into conscious consciousness from memory storage. This is comparable to locating and opening a document that was previously saved to your computer's hard drive. It's back on your desktop and available for use once more.

Hence, option d is the correct answer.

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The caste system or social divisions in ancient India were called the Varnas. The correct answer is option(a).

The caste system is a social hierarchy in which Hindu society is divided into four main groups: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The varnas are the terms for these four social classes, and they are divided into thousands of subcategories called jatis. A caste is a form of social stratification based on birth, which determines a person's place in society, occupation, and role in the community.

The caste system was established to ensure that every member of society had a specific role, and it dictated who people could marry, what jobs they could hold, and who they could interact with. The caste system, which dates back to ancient India, is still practiced today, despite attempts to eradicate it. The system has been criticized for its rigid structure and the discrimination and segregation it promotes between castes, but it remains an essential part of Indian culture and history.

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Their home is an example of Collateral. The Option A.

In this case, Gertie and Nate's home serves as collateral for their business loan. Collateral refers to an asset that is used to secure a loan, providing the lender with assurance that if the borrowers default on the loan, the lender can claim the asset as repayment.

By leveraging the equity in their home, Gertie and Nate are offering it as security to the bank, increasing their chances of obtaining the loan. The value of their home serves as a guarantee, reducing the risk for the lender and potentially allowing them to secure a larger loan amount or better loan terms.

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Erving Goffman and other symbolic interactionists believed in the notion that society is constructed through human interaction.

Society is constructed through interactions among individuals, and individuals create and maintain meaning through these interactions. In other words, Goffman and other symbolic interactionists believe that society is not a given, but rather something that is constructed by individuals through their interactions and communication with one another.Symbolic interactionists believed that people use symbols, which are shared meanings assigned to words, objects, and behaviors, to interact with one another and create meaning. They believe that people use symbols to create shared meanings that allow them to make sense of their social worlds. Through these shared meanings, people create social structures, norms, and institutions that guide their behavior and interactions with others.

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In the context of resolving social dilemmas, mistrust in a group is most effectively reduced by increasing the level of communication between group members.

How to resolve social dilemmas?Social dilemmas are situations where personal interest conflicts with collective interest. In these situations, people tend to choose their self-interest over the collective interest, which leads to suboptimal outcomes. To resolve social dilemmas, the following strategies can be employed:

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We cannot find a vector that is not in their span, and the given vectors do span ℝ³. We first found a vector in ℝ³ that cannot be expressed as a linear combination of the given vectors.

Let's assume there exists a vector (a, b, c) in ℝ³ that cannot be written as a linear combination of the given vectors. In order to find such a vector, we can set up a system of equations using the components of the given vectors and solve for a, b, and c simultaneously.

The system of equations can be set up as follows:

-1x + (-1)(-1) + (-1)(-1) = a

2x + 3(-1) + 4(-1) = b

1x + 1(-1) + 1(-1) = c

Simplifying the equations, we have:

-x + 1 - 1 = a

2x - 3 - 4 = b

x - 1 - 1 = c

Combining like terms, we get:

-x = a - 2

2x = b + 7

x = c - 2

From the third equation, we can express x in terms of c: x = c - 2.

Substituting this value of x into the second equation, we have:

2(c - 2) = b + 7

2c - 4 = b + 7

2c - b = 11

Now, substituting the value of x in terms of c into the first equation, we get:

-(c - 2) = a - 2

c + 2 = a - 2

a = c

From the equations, we can see that a, b, and c are all dependent on each other. This implies that any vector in ℝ³ can be expressed as a linear combination of the given vectors. Therefore, we cannot find a vector that is not in their span, and the given vectors do span ℝ³.

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A) In the idea of popular sovereignty, the government is tasked with serving the majority of the people.

In a democratic government, the power to govern is derived from the people. Popular sovereignty is a political principle that declares that a government is created by and for the people and that the people have the ultimate power to govern through their elected representatives.

Popular sovereignty is the idea that the people are the source of authority for the government. The people's sovereignty is considered to be superior to that of the government. The government serves as a mediator, working for the people and ensuring that their wishes are fulfilled. In other words, in a democratic government, the majority of the people are the ultimate source of political authority.

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The correct pairing of brain area with its function among the given options is Red nucleus; motor control of the face, head, eyes, mouth, etc. The correct option is C.

The red nucleus is located in the midbrain and is involved in motor control. It primarily plays a role in coordinating and controlling voluntary movements, particularly those related to the face, head, eyes, and mouth.

The red nucleus receives inputs from various regions of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord. It then sends signals to other motor areas in the brainstem and spinal cord, facilitating the execution of precise movements.

Option A is incorrect because vestibular nuclei are primarily involved in processing information related to balance and spatial orientation, rather than stretch and flexor reflexes.

Option D is incorrect because the superior colliculus is primarily involved in processing visual information and directing eye movements, rather than controlling involuntary movements.

Option E is incorrect because the reticular formation is a complex network of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem, and its functions are diverse.

It is involved in various functions such as sleep-wake cycles, arousal, attention, and modulation of pain. However, error detection and motor learning via comparisons with the cerebellum are not specific functions associated with the reticular formation.

Therefore, option C is the correct pairing of the brain area (red nucleus) with its function (motor control of the face, head, eyes, mouth, etc.).

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If you were measuring the concentration of white americans using a dot density map, One dot per 3,000 white American threshold wouldput the most visual emphasis on those whites living in rural areas.

Recently settled states, for example, Kentucky and Tennessee depended less on slave work than did locales somewhere else in the South.In older, more established states like Virginia and Maryland, small subsistence farms ruled.

Slave labor was less prevalent in newly settled states like Kentucky and Tennessee than in other parts of the South.The utilization of slave work was declining all through the South by 1800.Although you have not made the table accessible, as indicated by verifiable reports, we can presume that states like Kentucky and Tennessee relied less upon slave work than other southern states.

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Option A is the correct answer. According to Maslow, our need for safety must be met before we can become concerned with satisfying our need for self-esteem.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a psychological theory that explains how people prioritize and satisfy their basic needs. Maslow divided human needs into five categories: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. He argued that physiological and safety needs are considered more basic needs than social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Maslow's theory suggests that human needs are hierarchical and that more basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be fulfilled. He further stated that once our physiological and safety needs are met, we then become concerned with satisfying our higher-level needs, such as our need for love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, our need for safety must be met before we can become concerned with satisfying our need for self-esteem. Hence, option A is the correct answer.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that human needs are arranged in a hierarchical manner, with more basic needs needing to be fulfilled before higher-level needs can be addressed. Our need for safety is considered a more basic need that must be met before we can focus on our need for self-esteem. This theory provides insights into how individuals prioritize their needs and the importance of fulfilling foundational needs to support personal growth and development.

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The act being violated is the right to privacy. It is a fundamental human right and is protected by laws and regulations that prohibit the unauthorized disclosure of private information, including personal details, photographs, and sensitive data, without the consent of the individual.

Posting private information of someone on social media without their consent is a violation of their right to privacy.

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Scenario: Nomar Garciaparra repositioning his gloves before batting.

In this scenario, Nomar Garciaparra likely developed a conditioned response (CR) to repositioning his gloves before batting (CS) through classical conditioning. Over time, he associated this ritual with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of preparing for batting or focusing, leading to the conditioned response (CR) of feeling ready or focused.

Scenario: Pet cat responding to the sound of a can opener.

CS (Conditioned Stimulus): Sound of the can opener.

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus): Associating the sound with opening a can of food for the cat.

CR (Conditioned Response): The cat comes running.

UCR (Unconditioned Response): Expectation of being fed or receiving food.

In this scenario, the cat has associated the sound of the can opener (CS) with the act of receiving food (UCS). Through classical conditioning, the sound of the can opener has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) that triggers the conditioned response (CR) of the cat coming running, as it anticipates being fed (UCR).

Scenario: Students reacting to the instructor's stack of half-sheets of paper.

CS (Conditioned Stimulus): Stack of half-sheets of paper.

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus): Previous experiences or associations with quizzes and their impact on grades.

CR (Conditioned Response): Increased heart rate and a sense of dread.

UCR (Unconditioned Response): Fear or anxiety associated with quizzes and grades.

In this scenario, the students have associated the stack of half-sheets of paper (CS) with quizzes and their impact on grades (UCS). Through classical conditioning, the stack of half-sheets of paper has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) that triggers the conditioned response (CR) of increased heart rate and a sense of dread, stemming from the fear or anxiety associated with quizzes and grades (UCR).

Scenario: Fear of the ocean after a near-drowning experience.

CS (Conditioned Stimulus): The ocean.

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus): Near-drowning experience in the ocean.

CR (Conditioned Response): Fear of the ocean.

UCR (Unconditioned Response): Fear triggered by the near-drowning experience.

In this scenario, the near-drowning experience in the ocean (UCS) has led to a conditioned response (CR) of fear towards the ocean (CS). Through classical conditioning, the initial negative experience has become associated with the ocean, leading to the development of a fear response (CR). The fear response (UCR) is triggered by the conditioned stimulus (CS) of the ocean, while the fear does not extend to swimming in lakes, indicating a lack of generalization to similar environments.

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Answer: The therapy technique that focuses on overcoming obstructions in a person's motivational states by seeking out situations where the person can experience reinforcement is C. behavioral activation.

Behavioral activation is a therapeutic approach commonly used in the treatment of depression and other mental health conditions. It involves identifying and engaging in activities that are rewarding and meaningful to the individual. By doing so, behavioral activation aims to increase positive reinforcement and counteract patterns of avoidance or withdrawal that may contribute to depressive symptoms.

In behavioral activation, the therapist helps the individual set specific goals and develop a plan to increase their engagement in pleasurable and rewarding activities. By seeking out situations where the person can experience reinforcement and positive outcomes, behavioral activation aims to enhance motivation, improve mood, and reduce depressive symptoms.

Explanation:)

A payment by a weaker party to a stronger party in return for protection is called "Tribute."

Tribute is the regular payment made by a weaker party to a stronger party to ensure protection. A weaker state, kingdom, or empire pays tribute to a stronger state or empire in the form of money, goods, or services to maintain peace and security.

It is essentially a ransom payment in which the stronger party refrains from invading or attacking the weaker party. To sum it up, tribute is a type of payment made by a weaker party to a stronger party in return for protection.

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Random selection is not considered a criteria for decision making under uncertainty. Correct option is d.

Managers can tackle situations where uncertainty plays a significant role by using decision analysis, a methodical approach to decision making. To describe the decision-making issue, enable logical analysis, and generate a suggested course of action, a normative model is built.

The strategy works well in managerial settings where there is a big risk. The resulting formal model is capable of producing the best possible solutions to issues involving multi-stage decision making and a variety of contingencies.

The maximin strategy was demonstrated to be the best defence against nature's minimax strategy in Wald's decision-theoretic perspective of statistics, which had an easy explanation in terms of decision-making under total ignorance. Even in a general sense, Wald's criterion is rather conservative.

Despite ultra-conservatism, the context is one of total ignorance.

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Complete question is:

Which of the following is not considered a criteria for decision making under uncertainty?

A) optimistic

B) pessimistic

C) equally likely

D) random selection

E) minimax regret

The statement that is true of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in the context of pain is that it suggests that the structure of language, which is highly dependent on culture, affects our perceptions and cognitions of our pain experiences. hence,  c is the correct option.

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, also known as linguistic relativity, proposes that the structure and usage of language significantly influence the way individuals perceive and think about the world. This hypothesis suggests that language shapes our thoughts, perceptions, and cultural patterns, and that different languages lead to different conceptualizations of reality.

The hypothesis is named after linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, who developed and expanded upon these ideas in the early 20th century. While they held slightly different perspectives, their work shared the core idea that language affects cognition.

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Instead of concentrating on looking into the bad or immoral parts of human nature, Socrates may place more emphasis on exploring and comprehending noble and good actions. He could contend that the predominance of evil or immoral behavior can be reduced or eradicated by encouraging and fostering virtues within people and society.

Of all the ancient accounts of Socrates that have survived, Plato's dialogues are among the most thorough. In discussing topics in philosophy like epistemology and ethics, they exhibit the Socratic method. Both the idea of the Socratic method and the use of Socratic irony bear the name of the Platonic Socrates.

The Platonic writings where Socrates and his immoral behavior interlocutors discuss many facets of a problem or an ethereal meaning serve as an example of the Socratic technique of inquiry, or elenchus, which takes shape in dialogue utilizing brief questions and responses.

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Organizational structures are exemplified by sports teams and governmental hierarchies. Sports teams and governmental hierarchies both demonstrate organizational structures in their respective domains.

In the case of sports teams, they typically have a clear hierarchy consisting of a coach or manager who oversees the team, along with various positions such as captains, players, and support staff. Each member has specific roles and responsibilities within the team structure, and there is a chain of command and coordination to achieve the team's goals. Similarly, governmental hierarchies exhibit organizational structures in the form of various levels of authority and departments. Governmental bodies have leaders at the top, such as presidents, prime ministers, or mayors, who oversee different departments and agencies responsible for specific functions. These structures provide a framework for decision-making, governance, and efficient operation of public services.

Organizational structures, as demonstrated by sports teams and governmental hierarchies, help establish order, facilitate communication, allocate tasks, and enable effective coordination within complex systems.

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The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) Board of Ethics and Professional Standards' Code of Ethics provides guidelines for ethical conduct in the field of public relations.

In their case study series, one such case study involves a public relations professional who is asked by their client to mislead the public regarding the safety of their product. The ethical dilemma here is whether the professional should prioritize the client's request or uphold the principles of honesty and integrity. In this case, adhering to the PRSA Code of Ethics would require the professional to prioritize transparency and truthfulness, even if it means potentially losing the client. Upholding ethical standards in public relations is crucial to maintaining trust and credibility with stakeholders and the public at large.

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The statement, "god owns and all of god’s creatures are equal, not one of them being more special than the others," is true.

God is the creator and owner of all living and non-living things. He created all creatures on earth and they are all special in their own way. There is no discrimination based on race, class, color, gender, or any other factor.All living organisms have an important role to play in the ecosystem. They are created for a reason and are equally important. There are no favorites when it comes to God's creation because they are all special and unique in their own way.

In monotheistic thought, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith.[1] In non-monotheistic thought, a god is "a spirit or being believed to control some part of the universe or life and often worshipped for doing so, or something that represents this spirit or being".[2][3]

Views regarding God vary considerably. Many notable theologians and philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.[4] Atheism rejects the belief in any deity. Agnosticism is the belief that the existence of God is unknown or unknowable. Among theists, some view knowledge concerning God as something derived from faith and God is often conceived as the greatest existent.[1] God is often believed to be the cause of all things and so is seen as the creator and sustainer and the ruler of the universe. God is often thought of as incorporeal and independent of the material creation[1][5][6] while pantheism holds God is the universe itself. God is sometimes seen as the most benevolent, while deism holds that God is not involved in humanity apart from creation.

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The statement "The skills and behaviors that you need to succeed at work are different from those you need to succeed in your personal life" is true. Therefore, the correct option is a. True.

Skills are the acquired abilities or competencies that allow an individual to perform a task effectively and efficiently. They are usually developed through education, training, and experience. Behaviors, on the other hand, refer to the actions or conduct exhibited by an individual.

They are often linked to an individual's personality and beliefs.

Therefore, to succeed in one's work or personal life, one needs to possess different skills and behaviors because the demands of each area of life are different.

For example, one may need to develop teamwork, communication, and time management skills at work, while at home, one may need to demonstrate empathy, patience, and a willingness to compromise.

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Brown v. Board of Education and United States v. Scotland Neck City School Board are two significant legal cases that had many common grounds and led to a similar holding.

Brown v. Board of Education was an appeal against segregation in public schools, which was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1954.Brown v. Board of Education factsIn Brown v. Board of Education, the plaintiff's children, African American students, were denied admission to white-only schools in Topeka, Kansas. The Supreme Court declared the state's segregation policy as unconstitutional as it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The holding of the court was that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."United States v. Scotland Neck City School Board factsIn the case of United States v. Scotland Neck City School Board, black students were restricted from enrolling in white-only schools in North Carolina.

The court found the restrictions unconstitutional, and the school board was ordered to desegregate the schools. The court's holding was that "racial discrimination in the public schools of a State is a denial of equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and is therefore an unlawful invasion of rights under color of State law."Both cases had similar facts and legal issues, and the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education served as a precedent in the United States v. Scotland Neck City School Board case. Both cases showed that segregation violated the rights of African-American students to equal protection under the law.

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