Answer:
9.33%
Explanation:
Calculation to determine his annualized real rate of return on this investment
Annualized real rate of return=[($7,000-$5,000/ ($5000*3) *100] -4%
Annualized real rate of return=13.33%-4%
Annualized real rate of return = 9.33%
Therefore his annualized real rate of return on this investment will be 9.33%
The Common Stock account in a company's balance sheet is measured as:
a. The number of common shares outstanding × the stock's par value per share.
b. The number of common shares outstanding × the stock's current market value per share.
c. The number of common shares issued × the stock's par value per share.
d. The number of common shares issued × the stock's current market value per share.
The Common Stock account in a company's balance sheet is measured as: c. The number of common shares issued × the stock's par value per share.
The Common Stock account in a company's balance sheet represents the equity capital raised by issuing common shares to investors. It is measured by multiplying the number of common shares issued by the stock's par value per share.
Option a is incorrect because it mentions "outstanding" shares, which refers to the shares currently held by shareholders, rather than the total shares issued by the company.
Option b is incorrect because it uses the stock's current market value per share. While the market value of the stock can impact the company's market capitalization, the Common Stock account is typically not based on the current market value of the shares.
Option c is correct because it aligns with the common accounting practice of valuing the Common Stock account as the number of common shares issued multiplied by the stock's par value per share.
Therefore, the correct answer is c. The number of common shares issued × the stock's par value per share.
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Acort Industries owns assets that will have a(n) 75% probability of having a market value of $51 million one year from now. There is a 25% chance that the assets will be worth only $21 million. The current risk-free rate is 10%, and Acort's assets have a cost of capital of 20%. a. If Acort is unlevered, what is the current market value of its equity? b. Suppose instead that Acort has debt with a face value of $20 million due in one year. According to MM, what is the value of Acort's equity in this case? c. What is the expected return of Acort's equity without leverage?
a. If Acort is unlevered, the current market value of its equity can be calculated using the concept of the risk-adjusted present value (APV) approach.
The risk-adjusted present value (APV) is calculated as follows:
APV = (Probability of high value) * (High value) + (Probability of low value) * (Low value)APV = (0.75) * ($51 million) + (0.25) * ($21 million)APV = $38.25 million + $5.25 millionAPV = $43.5 millionTherefore, the current market value of Acort's equity is $43.5 million.
b. According to Modigliani-Miller (MM) theorem, the value of Acort's equity with debt can be obtained by adding the present value of the tax shield to the unlevered equity value.
The tax shield is the present value of the tax savings due to the interest expense on the debt. In this case, Acort has debt with a face value of $20 million and a cost of capital of 20%. Assuming a corporate tax rate of 0%, there are no tax savings, and the tax shield value is zero.Therefore, the value of Acort's equity with debt is the same as the unlevered equity value, which is $43.5 million.
c. The expected return of Acort's equity without leverage can be calculated as the weighted average of the expected returns in the high-value and low-value scenarios, based on the probabilities of each scenario.
Expected return = (Probability of high value) * (Return in high value scenario) + (Probability of low value) * (Return in low value scenario)The return on equity without leverage is not provided in the information, so the expected return cannot be calculated without this information.About MarketA perfectly market is a structure in which there are many sellers or companies that produce goods. Perfect competition market is also defined as a market that has many companies to provide services to buyers in the market.
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Which is not a property of the standard normal distribution?
a.) It is symmetric about the mean
b.) It is uniform
c.) It is bell shaped
d.) It is unimodal
The property of the standard normal distribution that is not true is option b.) It is uniform.
The standard normal distribution, also known as the z-distribution, is a probability distribution that is commonly used in statistics and probability theory. It is characterized by several properties, but being uniform is not one of them.
The correct properties of the standard normal distribution are:
a.) It is symmetric about the mean: The standard normal distribution is symmetric, meaning that the probability density function is the same on both sides of the mean.
c.) It is bell-shaped: The standard normal distribution has a characteristic bell-shaped curve, where the highest point corresponds to the mean, and the curve tapers off symmetrically on both sides.
d.) It is unimodal: The standard normal distribution has a single peak or mode, which occurs at the mean.
Option b.) stating that the standard normal distribution is uniform is incorrect. A uniform distribution would imply that all values within a specified range have equal probability, whereas the standard normal distribution assigns different probabilities to different values based on their distance from the mean.
Therefore, the property of the standard normal distribution that is not true is that it is uniform (option b).
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The balance of Retained Earning at the end of the year represents: Select one: A. Total earnings over the life of the company. B. Current year's profits less payments to owners. C. Total earnings less payments to owners over the life of the company. D. Total contributions from owners less withdrawals over the life of the company.
The balance of Retained Earnings at the end of the year represents C. Total earnings less payments to owners over the life of the company.
Retained Earnings is an important component of the shareholders' equity section on a company's balance sheet. It represents the cumulative earnings or profits that have been retained in the company since its inception, after accounting for dividends or payments to owners.
The Retained Earnings balance is derived from the accumulated net income of the company over time, minus any dividends or distributions made to shareholders. It reflects the portion of earnings that has been retained within the company for reinvestment or other uses.
Therefore, the balance of Retained Earnings at the end of the year represents the total earnings generated by the company throughout its existence, reduced by any payments made to owners (such as dividends or distributions). It is an important measure of the company's accumulated profits and retained capital.
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Ringmeup Inc. had net income of $123,600 for the year ended December 31, 2019. At the beginning of the year, 39,000 shares of common stock were outstanding. On May 1, an additional 15,000 shares were issued. On December 1, the company purchased 4,300 shares of its own common stock and held them as treasury stock until the end of the year. No other changes in common shares outstanding occurred during the year. During the year, Ringmeup paid the annual dividend on the 8,000 shares of 3.05%, $100 par value preferred stock that were outstanding the entire year.
Required:
Calculate basic earnings per share of common stock for the year ended December 31, 2019. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
The basic earnings per share of common stock for the year ended December 31, 2019, is $5.78..
To calculate the basic earnings per share of common stock for the year ended December 31, 2019, we need to consider the net income attributable to common shareholders and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year.
First, let's calculate the weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Beginning shares: 39,000
Additional shares issued on May 1: 15,000
Treasury shares purchased on December 1: 4,300
Weighted average shares = [(Beginning shares × Months) + (Additional shares × Months) - (Treasury shares × Months)] / 12
Months from January 1 to May 1: 4 months
Months from May 1 to December 1: 7 months
Months from December 1 to December 31: 1 month
Weighted average shares = [(39,000 × 4) + (15,000 × 7) - (4,300 × 1)] / 12
= (156,000 + 105,000 - 4,300) / 12
= 256,700 / 12
= 21,391.67 (rounded to 21,392 shares)
Now, we can calculate the basic earnings per share of common stock:
Earnings per share = Net income / Weighted average shares
= $123,600 / 21,392
= $5.78 (rounded to 2 decimal places)
Therefore, the earnings per share of common stock for the year ended December 31, 2019, is $5.78 on a basic basis.
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Carey Corporation gathered the following information for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001:
Sales $1,500,000
Extraordinary fire 240,000
Selling and administrative expenses 160,000
Cost of goods sold 800,000
Loss on sale of equipment 40,000
Carey Corporation is subject to a 30% income tax rate.
INSTRUCTIONS:
Prepare a partial income statement, beginning with income before income taxes.
The income before income taxes for Carey Corporation for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 is $260,000.
To calculate the income before income taxes, we start with the net sales of $1,500,000 and subtract the extraordinary fire loss of $240,000, selling and administrative expenses of $160,000, cost of goods sold of $800,000, and the loss on sale of equipment of $40,000. The remaining amount is the income before income taxes. Since Carey Corporation is subject to a 30% income tax rate, the income before income taxes of $260,000 will be subject to income tax and will be further adjusted to calculate the net income.
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Which of the following transportation modes has the lowest cost per ton? A.Truck. B. Rail.C. Pipeline. D. Ship
Rail transport can transport a larger amount of goods than other modes, thus lowering transportation costs. In the US, rail transportation carries more goods than any other transportation mode.
The transportation mode that has the lowest cost per ton is B. Rail.Transportation is defined as the movement of goods and people from one place to another. Shipping, rail, road, air, and pipeline are the primary modes of transportation. Transportation costs can impact the price of products and services, making it crucial to find the most efficient and cost-effective option for your needs. The cost of transportation by rail is lower than by truck or air. Rail transportation is preferred for long-distance shipping because it is cost-effective and reliable. Rail transport can transport a larger amount of goods than other modes, thus lowering transportation costs. In the US, rail transportation carries more goods than any other transportation mode.
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Which is a likely effect of providing a well-designed table of contents?
A likely effect of providing a well-designed table of contents is: that it creates the impression that you are organized.
What is a table of contents?A table of contents is a document section that contains the headers, headings, or chapters and their corresponding page numbers. The table of contents helps the reader quickly navigate through the document and easily locate the information they are looking for.
Additionally, the following are the advantages of having a well-designed table of contents: It helps establish the purpose and value of the report. It creates the impression that you are organized. It allows decision-makers to judge the quality of your data.
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Complete question:
What is a likely effect of providing a well-designed table of contents?
Multiple Choice
It allows decision makers to judge the quality of your data.
It helps you focus more on positivity rather than objectivity.
It helps you demonstrate that your facts are unbiased and precise.
It creates the impression that you are organized.
It helps establish the purpose and value of the report.
what is the difference between economy and economics
Answer:
economy:
the relationship between production, trade and the supply of money in a particular country or region.
economic:Economics is a science that studies economies and develops possible models for their functioning
Question 1
Give 4 factors considered by a corporation prior to determining the amount of cash dividends to declare.
If a corporation decides to declare common stock dividend, what impact does it have on retain earning and how would be accounted for in their books?
Question 2
What is included in the Significant accounting policy section of the financial statement note disclosure?
Give an example of an action (change) that would require a disclosure in this section
An example of an action (change) that would require a disclosure in this section would be a change in accounting principles or a change in accounting estimates.
Question 1:There are four factors that a corporation considers prior to determining the amount of cash dividends to declare. The four factors are:1. Earnings of the corporation 2. Liquidity of the corporation3. Maintenance of the corporation’s capital base4. Prospective capital requirements of the corporation If a corporation decides to declare common stock dividend, it will decrease the retained earnings balance, since the distribution of earnings has already taken place. This will reduce the corporation’s equity balance and increase the number of shares outstanding. Common stock dividends are distributed as a result of the corporation’s decision to distribute dividends on the basis of the number of shares outstanding. Question 2:Significant accounting policy is one of the financial statement note disclosures. These disclosures are found at the bottom of the financial statements and contain information that is not included in the financial statement itself. The following are examples of what may be included in the Significant accounting policy section of the financial statement note disclosure: Description of the corporation's accounting policies. Application of accounting policies to significant accounts and transactions The accounting policies used for the preparation of financial statements or the manner in which they were selected. An example of an action (change) that would require a disclosure in this section would be a change in accounting principles or a change in accounting estimates.
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The United States ship 10,000 pounds of sugar out of the country every
month. This is an example of what?
Importing
Exporting
Deficit
Inflation
Answer:
Explanation:
exporting.
Answer:
Exporting
Explanation:
The way I was tought this is Importing begins with im which sounds like in, it is being brought into the country. Exporting begins with Ex, like exit, it is exiting the country.
The Euro is currently worth 35 UAH in Ukraine currency. (April,
10) However, the investor believes that in a month, the Euro will
be worth 38 UAH in Ukraine currency. Thus, investor would change
200,0
Based on the given problem statement, the investor is looking to exchange his 200,000 euros in a month's time when the exchange rate will be 38 UAH per euro. In order to calculate the value of 200,000 euros in UAH, we need to multiply it by the exchange rate.
We know that the current exchange rate of Euro to Ukraine currency is 35 UAH. And the investor is predicting that in a month, the exchange rate will be 38 UAH for 1 Euro. Thus, we need to find out how much the investor will receive in UAH when he exchanges his 200,000 Euros.
To calculate the value of 200,000 euros in UAH when the exchange rate is 38 UAH per Euro, we need to multiply 200,000 by 38. Therefore, the value of 200,000 Euros in UAH when the exchange rate is 38 UAH per Euro is:200,000 × 38 = 7,600,000 UAH Therefore, the investor will receive 7,600,000 UAH when he exchanges his 200,000 Euros at the predicted exchange rate of 38 UAH per Euro in a month's time.
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A leading indicator of the business cycle is:
a.
Second-hand car sales
b.
Patents registered
c.
House prices
d.
Recruitment advertising
The leading indicator of the business cycle is a measure used by economists to forecast the future direction of the economy. Patents registered is the leading indicator of the business cycle among the given options.
It is a series of indicators that provide insight into the future direction of the economy. The leading indicator of the business cycle is designed to indicate changes in the economy before they become evident in the general business environment. The business cycle is made up of four distinct phases, namely, expansion, peak, contraction, and trough. During each of these phases, different economic indicators come into play. Some of the leading indicators of the business cycle include new factory orders, stock prices, money supply, housing permits, and changes in business inventories.
The leading indicators provide valuable insight into the future direction of the economy by providing information on the current state of the economy, which can then be used to predict its future direction. Patents registered is the leading indicator of the business cycle among the given options. The number of patents registered provides an early indication of the direction of the economy as it shows the level of innovation and investment in new ideas.
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senders often adjust their message according to receivers' level of knowledge about the product or service.
true or false
The concept here is Communication. Messages are frequently modified by senders in response to the level of product or service knowledge of the recipients. It is real.
Communication is the verbal and nonverbal transmission and reception of messages.
Two-way correspondence is when at least two individuals share data as contemplations, thoughts, and suppositions fully intent on understanding each other.
It is a course of making and sharing thoughts, data, perspectives, realities, and sentiments from one spot, individual or gathering to another. Communication is essential for management's directing function.
The process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions, knowledge, and data in such a way that the message is received and understood with clarity and purpose is called effective communication. At the point when we convey really, both the shipper and collector feel satisfied.
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One of the most common cases of overlapping municipal debt is when a city's portion of the debt is shared with:_______
One of the most common cases of overlapping municipal debt is when a city's portion of the debt is shared with other entities within the same municipality.
These entities can include: Other municipalities or local government entities within the same county or region. School districts or educational institutions operating within the municipality. Special districts such as water districts, sewer districts, or transportation districts. Public utility companies or other public entities providing essential services within the municipality.
In these cases, the debt obligations are often shared among these entities to fund common projects or infrastructure improvements. This sharing of debt allows the burden to be distributed among multiple entities rather than solely relying on the individual city or municipality.
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Explain the Waterfall and Agile system development approaches and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the waterfall system development model as a traditional approach and the agile model as a new alternative approach to system development.
The Waterfall and Agile system development approaches are two contrasting methodologies used in software development. The Waterfall model is a traditional, linear approach where each phase of the development process follows a sequential flow, resembling a waterfall. On the other hand, Agile is an iterative and incremental approach that emphasizes adaptability and collaboration. It focuses on delivering working software in short iterations called sprints, usually lasting from one to four weeks.
The Waterfall and Agile system development approaches are two contrasting methodologies used in software development.
The Waterfall model is a traditional, linear approach where each phase of the development process follows a sequential flow, resembling a waterfall. It consists of distinct phases such as requirements gathering, design, development, testing, and deployment. Each phase is completed before moving on to the next, and changes in requirements are not easily accommodated. The strengths of the Waterfall model include its clear structure, well-defined milestones, and documentation. It works well when requirements are stable, and a comprehensive plan can be created upfront. However, its weaknesses include limited flexibility to accommodate changes, lack of customer involvement until later stages, and potential delays in identifying issues until the testing phase.
On the other hand, Agile is an iterative and incremental approach that emphasizes adaptability and collaboration. It focuses on delivering working software in short iterations called sprints, usually lasting from one to four weeks. Agile teams work closely with customers and stakeholders, encourage regular feedback, and prioritize flexibility and continuous improvement. The strengths of Agile include its ability to respond to changing requirements, customer involvement throughout the development process, and early and frequent delivery of working software. However, Agile can be challenging when dealing with complex projects, and it requires active customer participation and a high level of communication and collaboration within the development team.
In comparison, the Waterfall model's strength lies in its structured approach and comprehensive planning, making it suitable for projects with well-defined requirements. However, its weaknesses become apparent when faced with changing requirements or when customer involvement is crucial. Agile, as a more flexible and adaptive approach, addresses these weaknesses and promotes customer satisfaction and collaboration. However, Agile may not be suitable for projects where requirements are unstable or where there is a lack of clear direction.
Overall, the choice between Waterfall and Agile depends on the specific project requirements, the level of customer involvement desired, the nature of the development team, and the project's overall complexity. Many organizations are transitioning to Agile due to its emphasis on flexibility and customer satisfaction, but the Waterfall model still has its place in certain contexts where stability and predictability are valued.
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In the context of the Ecommerce industry, environmental factors are also quite important. Despite the fact that this industry has minimal direct environmental impact, it still places a high value on sustainability. There are various areas like Ecommerce in which investing in sustainability may be extremely rewarding. There are various areas where e-retailers may invest in sustainability, ranging from sustainable packaging to waste reduction and renewable energy.
Question: Now give an example of a company in Bangladesh which made significant investments in the environment and sustainability and describe the environment factor from PESTLE analysis on E commerce industry.
Grameenphone, a telecommunications company in Bangladesh, has made significant investments in environmental sustainability.
Grameenphone, one of the leading telecommunications companies in Bangladesh, has taken notable steps towards environmental sustainability. The company has implemented various initiatives aimed at reducing its environmental impact and promoting sustainability within the Ecommerce industry. For instance, Grameenphone has actively focused on reducing its carbon footprint by investing in renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies. They have installed solar panels on their facilities, enabling the use of clean energy and reducing dependence on non-renewable sources.
Moreover, Grameenphone has embraced sustainable practices in its supply chain management. The company promotes responsible sourcing by partnering with suppliers who adhere to environmentally-friendly standards. They have also implemented initiatives to minimize waste generation and promote recycling. By emphasizing sustainable packaging practices, Grameenphone aims to reduce the environmental impact of product delivery and minimize waste in the Ecommerce industry.
From a PESTLE analysis perspective, the environmental factor in the Ecommerce industry highlights the importance of sustainability and environmentally-friendly practices. With growing consumer awareness and concerns about environmental issues, companies that invest in sustainability stand to gain a competitive edge. Adopting eco-friendly practices not only helps reduce negative environmental impacts but also enhances brand reputation and customer loyalty.
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Two roommates, Rick and May. Rick smokes. Each has an income I If S consumes q cigarettes, utility functions are uR(q, money) = 4√q + money uM(q, money) = −0.5q + money Note that q aects the utility of May in a negative way Let p be the price per cigarette, then money = I − pq and uR(q) = 4√q + I − pq for Rick.
Rick and May could negotiate an agreement (contract) where: May compensates Rick for not smoking. For instance, she pays Rick $0.5 for him to smoke only 2 cigarettes. Both are weakly better o, and they accept or Rick compensates May for being allowed to smoke. For instance, he pays May $1 for him to smoke 2 cigarettes. Both are weakly better o, they accept ⇒ outcome will be q = q ∗ = 2 (efficient)
can anyone explain why Rick pays 0.5$ to May for smoking 2 cigarettes, and what May pay 1$ for Rick??
When May compensates Rick for not smoking, it is known as a side payment. She pays Rick $0.5 for him to smoke only 2 cigarettes, which means that May is willing to pay $0.25 for each cigarette that Rick doesn't smoke. The reason for this is that May is negatively affected by Rick's smoking, so she is willing to pay a certain amount to have him smoke less or not at all.
On the other hand, when Rick compensates May for being allowed to smoke, it is also a side payment. He pays May $1 for him to smoke 2 cigarettes, which means that Rick is willing to pay $0.50 for each cigarette that he smokes. The reason for this is that Rick values smoking more than May's disutility from his smoking, so he is willing to pay a certain amount to be allowed to smoke.
Both of these side payments result in an efficient outcome of q=2, where Rick smokes 2 cigarettes and both roommates are weakly better off. In other words, the side payments allow for a mutually beneficial agreement where both parties can compromise and reach a better outcome than if they didn't negotiate.
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The late economist Herbert Stein described the accounts that comprise a country's balance of payments A country is more likely to have a deficit in its current account the higher its price level, the higher its gross [domestic] product, the higher its interest rates, the lower its barriers to imports, and the more attractive its investment opportunities -all compared with conditions in other countries and the higher its exchange rate. The effects of a change in one of these factors on the current account balance cannot be predicted without considering the effect on the other causal factors. Source: Herbert Stein, "Balance of Payments," Library of Economics and Liberty. The current account for the United States includes net exports which are net investment income which is and net transfers which are
The current account for the United States includes net exports which are, net investment income, and net transfers. Herbert Stein described the accounts that make up a country's balance of payments.
A country is more likely to have a deficit in its current account when there is a higher price level, a higher gross [domestic] product, higher interest rates, fewer barriers to imports, and more attractive investment opportunities than other countries, and when there is a higher exchange rate.
A country's balance of payments account includes three categories: the current account, the capital account, and the financial account.
The current account records a country's trade in goods and services, including imports, exports, net investment income, and net transfers, as well as the trade balance,which is the difference between exports and imports.
Net exports are included in the United States' current account, as well as net investment income and net transfers. Stein argued that it is hard to predict how a change in one factor will affect the current account balance without considering the impact of other causal factors.
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Consider a 3 person 2 good economy where there is a private good x and a public good y. Agent 1 has a private endowment of 1 unit, agent 2 has a private endowment of 2 units and agent 3 has a private endowment of 3 units. Initially there is no public good in the economy but each unit of the public good can be produced using 1 unit of the private good. That is, the cost function is C(y) = y. Utility functions of the agents are as follows: U₁(x₁, y) = x₁y U₂ (x₂, y) = (x₂)²y U₃(x₃, y) = (x₃)³y Either prove or disprove that market failure occurs in this environment.
Market failure refers to a circumstance where the free market fails to allocate resources efficiently. Market failure occurs when the allocation of goods and services by a free market is inefficient and does not meet the demands of society.
It may arise when an unregulated market is unable to achieve an efficient outcome or to supply public goods that are necessary for society's well-being.
In a 3 person, 2 good economy with a private good x and a public good y, agent 1 has a private endowment of 1 unit, agent 2 has a private endowment of 2 units, and agent 3 has a private endowment of 3 units.
Initially, there is no public good in the economy, but each unit of the public good can be produced using 1 unit of the private good.
The cost function is C(y) = y.
The utility functions of the agents are as follows:
U₁(x₁, y) = x₁yU₂ (x₂, y) = (x₂)²yU₃(x₃, y) = (x₃)³y
To find out if market failure exists in this setting, we must first look at the marginal rates of substitution (MRS) for the three agents. This is because the optimal allocation of goods in a competitive market occurs when the MRS equals the price ratio.
When the MRS of two agents is the same, the economy is Pareto efficient.
If the MRS is not the same, then the economy is not Pareto efficient.
We will use the following utility functions to calculate MRS:
MRS₁, 2 = MU₁/ MU₂
= y/xMRU₁/ MRU₂
= 1/MRS₁,
2MRS₁, 3 = MU₁/ MU₃
= y/x³MRU₁/ MRU₃
= 1/MRS₁,
3MRS₂, 3 = MU₂/ MU₃
= (x₂/ x₃)²MRU₂/ MRU₃
= 1/MRS₂, 3
Now let's calculate the MRS for each pair of agents:
MRS₁, 2 = y/xMRU₁/ MRU₂
= 1/MRS₁, 2
= x/x₂MRS₁, 3
= y/x³MRU₁/ MRU₃
= 1/MRS₁, 3
= x/x₃³MRS₂, 3
= (x₂/ x₃)²MRU₂/ MRU₃
= 1/MRS₂, 3
= x₂²/x₃²
The following are the results:
MRS₁, 2 = x/x₂MRS₁, 3
= x/x₃³MRS₂, 3
= x₂²/x₃²
In this economy, market failure occurs.
The allocation of goods is not Pareto optimal since the marginal rates of substitution of the three agents are not the same. The market equilibrium in this economy will not be Pareto optimal since the MRS of agents 1 and 2 are different.
The production of public goods by a market economy is a public-good issue. Therefore, market failure occurs in the economy described above. The economy's failure to produce a socially optimal quantity of public goods, or failing to provide public goods, may be regarded as market failure.
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A payment from a business owner to help pay the telephone bill is called:
A. Capital
B. Cheque
C. Withdrawal
D. Equity
E. Dividend
A payment made by a business owner to help pay the phone bill is known as A. capital.
Capital is a broad phrase that can refer to anything that provides value or advantage to its owners, such as a factory and its machinery, intellectual property such as patents, or a company's or individual's financial assets.
While money can be considered capital, it is most commonly linked with cash that is put to work for productive or investing purposes. In general, capital is an important component of running a firm and financing its future expansion.
Business capital might come from the company's operations or via debt or equity funding.
Businesses of all sizes often focus on three types of capital when budgeting: working capital, equity capital, and loan capital. A financial organization identifies trading capital as a fourth component.
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Monetary and fiscal authorities deployed a number of containment and mitigation measures to minimize the impact of the pandemic. Using examples, illustrate the distinction between monetary and fiscal policies as well as explain which interventions were more effective.
Monetary and fiscal policies are two different tools used by authorities to manage the economy, including during times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Monetary policy refers to actions taken by the central bank to control the money supply and interest rates. It involves tools such as adjusting the benchmark interest rate, implementing open market operations, and setting reserve requirements for banks. Fiscal policy, on the other hand, involves government spending and taxation. It includes measures like increasing government spending, reducing taxes, and implementing stimulus packages.
During the pandemic, monetary authorities implemented measures such as lowering interest rates and providing liquidity support to banks to encourage borrowing and investment. Fiscal authorities, on the other hand, implemented policies like direct cash transfers to individuals, extended unemployment benefits, and grants to businesses to support the economy.
The effectiveness of these interventions can vary depending on the circumstances and the specific measures taken. For example, during the pandemic, monetary policies such as lowering interest rates may have had limited impact due to reduced consumer spending and business investment. Fiscal policies that directly injected funds into the economy through stimulus packages and support for individuals and businesses were generally considered more effective in providing immediate relief and supporting economic recovery. However, the effectiveness of these policies also depends on factors such as the scale and timing of the interventions, as well as the overall economic conditions and public sentiment.
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The Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) employed Julio Garza as a health inspector in 2011. His responsibilities included bleeding and tagging cattle, vaccinating and tattooing calves, and working livestock markets. Garza was injured on the job in 2018 and underwent surgery in January 2019. After he had exhausted his paid leave, he asked TAHC for light-duty work—specifically, the job of tick inspector—but his supervisor refused the request. In September, TAHC notified Garza that he was fired. Garza filed a suit in a Texas state court against TAHC and others, alleging in part wrongful termination, and an important issue before the court was whether Garza had mitigated his damages. The court found that in the seven years between his termination and his trial date, Garza had held only one job—an unpaid job on his parents’ ranch. When asked how often he had looked for work during that time, Garza responded that he did not know but that he had looked in "several" places. He had last looked for work three or four months before the trial, when he informally had asked his neighbors about working on their ranch.
If it is true Garza was wrongfully terminated, is it fair to require him to mitigate his damages? Why or why not?
Do Garza’s actions since his termination fulfill the requirement to mitigate his damages? (Support your answer.)
What ethical basis do you feel supports the rule that employees seeking damages for breach of employment contracts must mitigate their damages? (Explain your response.)
Yes, it is fair to require Garza to mitigate his damages if he was wrongfully terminated. Mitigation of damages is a legal principle that requires an injured party to take reasonable steps to minimize the losses caused by the wrongful act of another party. In the context of wrongful termination, it means that the terminated employee has a duty to make reasonable efforts to find alternative employment and reduce the financial harm resulting from the termination.
In the case of Garza, his actions since his termination do not fulfill the requirement to mitigate his damages. Holding an unpaid job on his parents' ranch does not demonstrate a sincere effort to find suitable employment and mitigate the financial impact of his termination. Additionally, his sporadic and informal inquiries with neighbors about working on their ranch do not constitute a diligent search for alternative employment. To fulfill the requirement of mitigation, Garza should have actively sought employment opportunities in his field or other suitable positions, applied for available jobs, and kept a record of his job search efforts.
The ethical basis supporting the rule that employees seeking damages for breach of employment contracts must mitigate their damages is rooted in principles of fairness and reasonableness. Mitigation of damages promotes the idea that individuals should take reasonable steps to minimize the harm caused by another party's wrongful actions. By actively seeking alternative employment, the terminated employee demonstrates a willingness to take responsibility for their own financial well-being and lessen the burden on the breaching party. It encourages individuals to act in their own best interest and not rely solely on compensation for the breach of contract, fostering a sense of personal accountability and self-sufficiency.
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Question 4 Consider the following three bonds: Bond P Bond Q Bond R $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 5.00% 5.50% 0% Par Value Coupon Rate Time to Maturity Required Yield 3 years 5 years 6 years 4.00% 7.00% 5.20%
The required yield on the bond is 5.20%. The bond is trading at par; hence, the bond's price is equal to its face value. The correct answer is 5.20% .
Bond P has a 5.00% coupon rate with a par value of $1,000 and a time to maturity of three years. The required yield on the bond is 4.00%. The yield is less than the coupon rate; hence the bond is trading at a premium. If the yield to maturity is equal to the coupon rate, the bond is priced at par. If the yield is greater than the coupon rate, the bond is trading at a discount. Bond Q has a 5.50% coupon rate with a par value of $1,000 and a time to maturity of five years. The required yield on the bond is 7.00%. The yield is greater than the coupon rate; hence the bond is trading at a discount. Bond R has no coupon payment with a par value of $1,000 and a time to maturity of six years.
The required yield on the bond is 5.20%. The bond is trading at par; hence, the bond's price is equal to its face value.
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- In March 2021, the Biden administration implemented a $1.9 trillion economic stimulus package.
- In December 2021, the inflation rate was 7%.
Some economists, including economists from the Fed, were surprised about the recent high inflation rate. For example, Jason Furman wrote Why Did Almost Nobody See Inflation Coming?. Use the IS-MP + Phillips model to explain why or why not economists should have predicted the recent surge in inflation. - You must provide graphs of the relevant movements of the IS, MP, and Phillips curve to support your answer. - What types of shocks (changes in parameters) explain such movements of the curves? - Provide intuition: Give a written explanation of why are curves moving and whether we should have been able to predict the surge in inflation.
The IS-MP + Phillips model provides an effective way of examining how changes in monetary and fiscal policies impact the economy and inflation. Economists from the Fed were surprised about the recent high inflation rate, despite the Biden administration implementing a $1.9 trillion economic stimulus package in March 2021.
The graph below illustrates the movements of the IS, MP, and Phillips curve:The Phillips curve depicts the relationship between inflation and unemployment, and the higher the unemployment rate, the lower the inflation rate. The MP curve shows how monetary policy impacts the interest rate and the output of the economy. The IS curve illustrates the relationship between output and interest rates and depicts the level of output that corresponds to the given interest rate.In the short run, an increase in government spending (as seen in the $1.9 trillion economic stimulus package) results in higher output and a higher interest rate (through the IS curve). Higher output leads to lower unemployment and higher inflation (through the Phillips curve). The effect of monetary policy (through the MP curve) is determined by the interest rate, and if the interest rate increases, there is a decrease in the level of outputOverall, the high inflation rate is due to supply and demand shocks, including supply chain disruptions and a surge in demand as the economy reopens from the pandemic. These shocks impact the short-run Phillips curve, causing inflation to rise. Economists should have predicted the surge in inflation due to these shocks and the impact of the stimulus package on output and the interest rate. However, the magnitude of the increase was higher than expected, possibly due to the persistence of the shocks and their interaction with each other.For such more question on monetary
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As a result of several factors, aggregate demand decreased during the Great Depression. One factor would be:
a. an increase in consumer sentiment.
b. a decrease in business tax rates.
c. an increase in the money supply.
d. an increase in international trade.
e. a decrease in expected income.
One factor that contributed to the decrease in aggregate demand during the Great Depression was (e) a decrease in expected income.
During the Great Depression, people experienced significant economic hardship, which led to a decline in consumer confidence and expectations regarding their future income. As a result, individuals and households reduced their spending and consumption, leading to a decrease in aggregate demand. The uncertainty and pessimism surrounding the economic conditions during that time caused people to save more and spend less, resulting in a downward spiral where reduced spending further weakened the overall economy.
The decrease in expected income influenced consumer behavior as people became more cautious and concerned about their financial stability. This decline in consumer confidence had a significant impact on aggregate demand, as consumer spending represents a significant portion of overall economic activity. The reduced spending further affected businesses, leading to decreased investment and employment opportunities, exacerbating the overall decline in aggregate demand during the Great Depression.
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Value the following scenario, assuming there is no end to the timeline and the following data: Cost of equity- 16.11% Cost of debt 6.29% Debt $576MM Equity $1,246MM Tax rate 40% Long-term growth expectations - 3.8% Future Equity Cash Flows (FCFE) are forecast as follows: Year 0: n/a Year 1: 126 Year 2: 149 Year 3: 163 Year 4: 177 Year 5: 183 (Round your answer to the nearest cent)
The value of the scenario is $580.62.
Cost of equity = 16.11%
Cost of debt = 6.29%
Debt = $576MM, Equity = $1,246MM, Tax rate = 40%
Long-term growth expectations = 3.8%
Future Equity Cash Flows (FCFE) are forecast as follows:
Year 0: n/a
Year 1: 126
Year 2: 149
Year 3: 163
Year 4: 177
Year 5: 183
To find the value of the scenario, we need to calculate the discount rate and discount each of the FCFEs.
Afterward, we will sum up all the discounted cash flows.
During the calculation of discount rate, WACC will be used. WACC = (E / V x Re) + (D / V x Rd) x (1 - Tc),
where E = Market value of the firm's equity, D = Market value of the firm's debt, V = Total value of capital = E + D
Rd = Cost of debt
Re = Cost of equity
Tc = Corporate tax rate
Now, let's calculate the WACC:
(1246 / 1822 x 16.11%) + (576 / 1822 x 6.29%) x (1 - 40%)
= 10.15%
Discount each FCFE and add them up:
Year 1 = $126 / (1 + 10.15%)^1 = $114.32
Year 2 = $149 / (1 + 10.15%)^2 = $120.55
Year 3 = $163 / (1 + 10.15%)^3 = $118.15
Year 4 = $177 / (1 + 10.15%)^4 = $115.77
Year 5 = $183 / (1 + 10.15%)^5 = $111.83
Value of the scenario = $114.32 + $120.55 + $118.15 + $115.77 + $111.83
= $580.62
Therefore, the value of the scenario is $580.62.
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You have just been hired by a company new to Scrum. Your management has assigned you to be the Scrum Master of six new Scrum Teams. These teams willbuild one product. Select two conditions you should strive for in this scenario. (Choose two.)A.There should be six Product Owners, one for each Scrum Team.B.There should be six Product Owners, reporting to a chief Product Owner.C.The product has one Product Backlog.D.Each Scrum Team should have a separate Product Backlog.E.There should be only one Product Owner
The two conditions to strive for in this scenario are:
C. The product has one Product Backlog.
E. There should be only one Product Owner.
In Scrum, it is important to have a unified and cohesive approach to product development. Having one Product Backlog for the entire product ensures that all the Scrum Teams are working towards a common goal and have a clear understanding of the product's requirements and priorities. This promotes collaboration, alignment, and efficient use of resources.
Similarly, having only one Product Owner provides a single point of accountability and decision-making authority for the product. This avoids potential conflicts and ensures consistent decision-making across the Scrum Teams. It allows the Product Owner to have a holistic view of the product, make informed decisions, and effectively communicate with stakeholders.
By having one Product Backlog and one Product Owner, the teams can work together more effectively, minimize duplication of effort, and maintain a shared understanding of the product vision and priorities. This facilitates better coordination, transparency, and ultimately improves the chances of successful product delivery.
In the scenario of managing six new Scrum Teams building one product, striving for a single Product Backlog and a single Product Owner is crucial to promote collaboration, alignment, and effective decision-making. These conditions help to ensure a unified approach to product development, improve coordination among teams, and increase the chances of delivering a successful product.
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QUESTION 3 You are the finance director of Free Spirit Limited: Your company has just purchased a new machine. The cash price of the machine would have been £68,000 but instead the machine was purchased under a leasing arrangement. The lease was taken out on 1 January 2014 and the rentals are £20,000 per year, to be paid in arrears, annually, on 31 December. The interest rate inherent in the lease is 7%. Due to technological advances the machine is expected to have a useful economic life of only 4 years at which point the expectation is it will be scrapped. Benefits from the new machine are expected to accrue evenly over this time. NB: You should assume that the cash price is equal to the present value of the minimum lease payments.
REQUIRED:
a) IAS 17 identifies two types of lease, finance leases and operating leases. Define each of these types of lease and discuss the criteria identified in IAS 17 to assist in identifying whether a lease is a finance or an operating lease.
b) Using the actuarial method calculate and disclose the relevant figures and disclosures that should be recorded in both the Income Statement (all disclosures) and the Statement of Financial Position (liability disclosures only) for the 4 years of the lease taken out by Free Spirit Limited.
a) Finance leases transfer ownership risks and rewards, while operating leases do not; criteria include ownership transfer, purchase option, lease term, present value of payments, and asset's alternative use.
b) Figures cannot be provided without specific timing and lease terms, but the Income Statement includes rental, interest, and depreciation expenses, while the Statement of Financial Position discloses the lease liability, current and non-current portions.
How to classify leases and disclose lease-related figures?a) Finance leases and operating leases are two types of leases defined by IAS 17 (International Accounting Standard 17). The criteria identified in IAS 17 to distinguish between these two types of leases are as follows:
1. Finance Lease: A finance lease transfers substantially all the risks and rewards associated with ownership of the leased asset to the lessee. The criteria to classify a lease as a finance lease are:
- The lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term.
- The lessee has the option to purchase the asset at a price lower than its fair value.
- The lease term covers a major part of the economic life of the asset (typically 75% or more).
- The present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially the fair value of the leased asset.
- The leased asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term.
2. Operating Lease: An operating lease does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards associated with ownership of the leased asset to the lessee. The criteria to classify a lease as an operating lease are:
- The lease term is for a relatively short period compared to the economic life of the asset.
- The lessor retains ownership of the asset during and after the lease term.
- The present value of the lease payments does not equal or exceed substantially the fair value of the leased asset.
- There are no provisions for the lessee to purchase the asset at a price lower than its fair value.
b) To calculate and disclose the relevant figures and disclosures for the lease taken out by Free Spirit Limited, using the actuarial method, the following information is required:
1. Income Statement (for each year of the lease):
- Rental expense: £20,000
- Interest expense: Calculated based on the outstanding liability and the interest rate of 7%.
- Depreciation expense: Calculated based on the cost of the asset (£68,000) divided by the useful economic life (4 years).
2. Statement of Financial Position (liability disclosures only):
- Lease liability: Calculated as the present value of the minimum lease payments.
- Current portion of lease liability: The portion of the lease liability due within one year.
- Non-current portion of lease liability: The portion of the lease liability due after one year.
The specific calculations for the income statement and statement of financial position would require more information about the timing of payments and the exact terms of the lease.
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Break-Even Analysis. Dime a Dozen Diamonds makes synthetic diamonds by treating carbon. Each diamond can be sold for $100. The materials cost for a standard diamond is $40. The fixed costs incurred each year for factory upkeep and administrative expenses are $200,000. The machinery costs $1 million and is depreciated straight-line over 10 years to a salvage value of zero. What is the accounting break-even level of sales in terms of number of diamonds sold? b. What is the accounting break-even level of sales in terms of dollars of diamonds sold?
The accounting break-even level of sales in terms of dollars of diamonds sold is $200,040.
To calculate the accounting break-even level of sales in terms of the number of diamonds sold, we need to consider the costs and revenues associated with producing the diamonds.
The fixed costs incurred each year are $200,000, which includes factory upkeep and administrative expenses. Additionally, the machinery costs $1 million and is depreciated straight-line over 10 years to a salvage value of zero. This means that the annual depreciation expense for the machinery is $1 million divided by 10, which is $100,000.
The variable cost per diamond is the materials cost, which is $40. The selling price per diamond is $100.
To calculate the accounting break-even level of sales in terms of the number of diamonds sold, we need to find the point at which the total revenue equals the total cost. The total cost consists of fixed costs and variable costs per diamond.
Total cost per diamond = Fixed costs + Variable cost per diamond
= $200,000 + $40
= $200,040
To break even, the total revenue must equal the total cost. The total revenue per diamond is $100.
Accounting break-even level of sales (in terms of number of diamonds sold) = Total cost per diamond / Total revenue per diamond
= $200,040 / $100
= 2000.4
Therefore, the accounting break-even level of sales in terms of the number of diamonds sold is approximately 2000 diamonds.
To calculate the accounting break-even level of sales in terms of dollars of diamonds sold, we can multiply the accounting break-even level of sales (in terms of number of diamonds sold) by the selling price per diamond.
Accounting break-even level of sales (in terms of dollars of diamonds sold) = Accounting break-even level of sales (in terms of number of diamonds sold) * Selling price per diamond
= 2000.4 * $100
= $200,040
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