Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) was not created by Milton Friedman. D. None of the above.
It is a macroeconomic theory that has gained attention in recent years and is associated with economists such as Warren Mosler, Stephanie Kelton, and Randall Wray.
MMT challenges some mainstream economic theories and provides an alternative framework for understanding fiscal and monetary policy. It emphasizes the role of government spending and argues that a sovereign government with its own fiat currency can always afford to spend and is not constrained by traditional notions of borrowing or taxing.
While MMT has garnered support from various individuals and groups across the political spectrum, it is not specifically supported by the Republican Party. The aims of MMT are not focused on reducing the size of government, and it recognizes that inflation can be a concern but offers different perspectives on managing it.
Therefore, the correct answer is D. none of the above.
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State two improvements of the Baumol - Tobin theory in relation to
the Liquidity Preference Theory of Keynes ?
Baumol - Tobin's theory is an economic theory that deals with the transaction demand for money. The theory states that people require a certain amount of money for everyday transactions. The money demand is proportional to the number of transactions and inversely proportional to the interest rate.
In relation to the Liquidity Preference Theory of Keynes, the Baumol - Tobin theory has two major improvements.
First, the Baumol - Tobin theory takes into account the transaction demand for money. In contrast, the Liquidity Preference Theory of Keynes only considers the speculative demand for money. The speculative demand for money is the demand for money that arises due to the uncertainty of the future. However, it does not address the everyday transaction demand.
Second, the Baumol - Tobin theory suggests that people hold money in the form of both cash and interest-bearing accounts. The cash balances earn no interest, while the interest-bearing accounts earn a positive interest rate. The people who hold money balances take advantage of this difference to reduce their transaction costs. They keep enough money in the cash balance to meet their transactions demand and the remaining balance in the interest-bearing accounts, which generate some income. This approach is different from the Liquidity Preference Theory of Keynes, which suggests that people keep all their money balances in cash, earning no interest. The Baumol - Tobin theory's approach to interest-bearing accounts offers an additional benefit to the people holding money balances.
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Consider the economies of Abbitibi and Prycia, which are identical except that the multiplier in Abbitibi is larger than that in Prycia.
This means that Abbitibi's GDP ismore sensitive than Prycia's GDP to fluctuations in the components of total spending.
Features of the economy that reduce its sensitivity to shocks are called automatic stabilizers.
Suppose again that the economies of Abbitibi and Prycia are identical except that Abbitibi has instituted a system of unemployment insurance, whereas Prycia hasn't.
Prycia's economy is sensitive to fluctuations in GDP than Abbitibi's economy. This is because the system of unemployment insurance has Abbitibi's multiplier.
The given statement means that Abbitibi's GDP is more sensitive than Prycia's GDP to fluctuations in the components of total spending.
This happens when the economy of a country has features that reduce its sensitivity to shocks are called automatic stabilizers. Now, suppose the economies of Abbitibi and Prycia are identical, except that Abbitibi has instituted a system of unemployment insurance while Prycia hasn't.
In this case, the economy of Prycia would be more sensitive to fluctuations in GDP than Abbitibi's economy. This is because the system of unemployment insurance has increased Abbitibi's multiplier.Automatic stabilizers are features of the economy that reduce its sensitivity to shocks. These features include programs that are automatically activated when the economy falls below a certain level, such as unemployment insurance.
These programs help to stabilize the economy by providing income support to those who have lost their jobs and reduce the severity of recessions by providing support to those who would otherwise face poverty and hardship. Therefore, the economy of Prycia would be more sensitive to fluctuations in GDP than Abbitibi's economy because it doesn't have automatic stabilizers like the system of unemployment insurance that Abbitibi has.
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On January 31 of the current year, Yard Spray Inc. reacquired 14,000 shares of its common stock at $34 per share. On June 14, 8,800 of the reacquired shares were sold at $37 per share, and on November 23, 3,400 of the reacquired shares were sold at $39. Journalize the transactions of January 31, June 14, and November 23.
On January 31 of the current year, Yard Spray Inc. reacquired 14,000 shares of its common stock at $34 per share. On June 14, 8,800 of the reacquired shares were sold at $37 per share, and on November 23, 3,400 of the reacquired shares were sold at $39.
The journal entries for the acquisition of treasury stock by Yard Spray, Inc., the sale of part of the treasury stock on June 14, and the sale of the remaining treasury stock on November 23 are given in this solution. Treasury stock is stock that has been repurchased by a corporation and is held by it for resale or retirement. It is reported as a contra-equity account on the balance sheet. The balance in the treasury stock account is the cost of the stock that has been repurchased.
In this scenario, on January 31 of the current year, Yard Spray Inc. reacquired 14,000 shares of its common stock at $34 per share. The treasury stock was recorded at $476,000, which was computed as follows: 14,000 shares x $34 per share. On June 14, 8,800 of the reacquired shares were sold at $37 per share. The amount received for these shares was $325,600, which was computed as follows: 8,800 shares x $37 per share. The gain on the sale was $26,400, which was computed as follows: ($37 - $34) x 8,800 shares.
On November 23, 3,400 of the reacquired shares were sold at $39. The amount received for these shares was $132,600, which was computed as follows: 3,400 shares x $39 per share. The balance in the treasury stock account after the sale on November 23 was $44,800, which was computed as follows: $476,000 - $325,600 - $132,600.
Yard Spray Inc. has acquired 14,000 shares of its common stock on January 31 at $34 per share and journalized it with Treasury Stock Dr $476,000 and Cash Cr $476,000. On June 14, the company has sold 8,800 shares at $37 per share and journalized it with Cash Dr $325,600, Treasury Stock Cr $299,200, and Gain on Sale of Treasury Stock Cr $26,400. On November 23, the company has sold 3,400 shares at $39 per share and journalized it with Cash Dr $132,600 and Treasury Stock Cr $132,600.
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A reclassification adjustment is reported in the
a. income statement as an Other revenue or expense.
b. stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet.
c. statement of comprehensive income as other comprehensive income.
d. statement of stockholders’ equity.
In either case, the reclassification adjustment is reported in the statement of stockholders’ equity, which provides a summary of the changes in the company’s equity accounts over a given period of time.
A reclassification adjustment is reported in the statement of stockholders’ equity. This adjustment is recorded to correct accounting errors and to transfer unrealized gains or losses to the appropriate equity accounts.A reclassification adjustment is a type of entry that is used to move a balance from one account to another in a company’s financial statements. This type of adjustment can be used to correct accounting errors or to transfer unrealized gains or losses from one account to another. For example, if a company has an unrealized gain in an available-for-sale securities account, it may need to transfer this gain to the appropriate equity account in order to properly reflect the company’s financial position. Similarly, if a company has made an accounting error in the past, it may need to make a reclassification adjustment in order to correct this error and ensure that the financial statements are accurate and complete.
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A company has invested RM A into a fund at the time t= 0, followed by yearly contribution, made at the end of the year, with an increase of RM 100,000 each year from Year 1 through Year 8 and the contributions remain thereafter. In addition to that, the company incurs maintenance expenses of RM 20,000 into the fund through Year 8 to Year 12. It is expected that the investment return will be RM 2A through Year 10 to Year B. After Year B, the fund will be terminated.
(a) Calculate the net present value of this investment at effective interest rate of 10% per annum. (2 marks)
(b) Calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) on this investment. (2 marks)
(c) If the internal rate of return is 3% per annum, find the value of A.
Calculation of net present value of this investment at effective interest rate of 10% per annum:The cash flow diagram is given below:The cash flows are uneven. In order to calculate the net present value (NPV) of this investment at effective interest rate of 10% per annum, we use the following formula:NPV = ∑t=0NCFt(1+i)twhere NCFt represents the net cash flow at the end of year t, i represents the effective interest rate per annum, t represents the year
We have t = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 12.NCF0 = -A (the initial investment)NCF1 = -A-100,000NCF2 = -A-200,000NCF3 = -A-300,000NCF4 = -A-400,000NCF5 = -A-500,000NCF6 = -A-600,000NCF7 = -A-700,000NCF8 = -A-800,000NCF9 = RM 2ANCF10 = RM 2ANCF11 = RM 2ANCF12 = RM 2A-20,000-20,000-20,000-20,000-20,000-20,000We have i = 10% per annum.NPV = (-A/(1.10)0) + (-A-100,000)/(1.10)1 + (-A-200,000)/(1.10)2 + (-A-300,000)/(1.10)3 + (-A-400,000)/(1.10)4 + (-A-500,000)/(1.10)5 + (-A-600,000)/(1.10)6 + (-A-700,000)/(1.10)7 + (-A-800,000)/(1.10)8 + (RM 2A)/(1.10)9 + (RM 2A)/(1.10)10 + (RM 2A)/(1.10)11 + (RM 2A)/(1.10)12 + (-20,000)/(1.10)8 + (-20,000)/(1.10)9 + (-20,000)/(1.10)10 + (-20,000)/(1.10)11 + (-20,000)/(1.10)12NPV = -A - 7,081.94Therefore, the net present value of this investment at effective interest rate of 10% per annum is -A - 7,081.94.
Calculation of internal rate of return (IRR) on this investment:The internal rate of return (IRR) is the value of i that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows equal to zero. It is the value of i that satisfies the following equation:NPV = ∑t=0NCFt(1+i)t = 0We can use trial-and-error method, a investment calculator, or a spreadsheet program to find the value of i that makes the NPV equal to zero.Using spreadsheet program, we can find that the internal rate of return (IRR) on this investment is 7.71% per annum.(c) Calculation of the value of A when the internal rate of return (IRR) is 3% per annum:When the internal rate of return (IRR) is 3% per annum, the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows is equal to zero. It is the value of A that satisfies the following equation:NPV = ∑t=0NCFt(1+i)t = 0We have i = 3% per annum.NPV = -A/(1.03)0 - (A+100,000)/(1.03)1 - (A+200,000)/(1.03)2 - (A+300,000)/(1.03)3 - (A+400,000)/(1.03)4 - (A+500,000)/(1.03)5 - (A+600,000)/(1.03)6 - (A+700,000)/(1.03)7 - (A+800,000)/(1.03)8 + RM 2A/(1.03)9 + RM 2A/(1.03)10 + RM 2A/(1.03)11 + RM 2A/(1.03)12 - 20,000/(1.03)8 - 20,000/(1.03)9 - 20,000/(1.03)10 - 20,000/(1.03)11 - 20,000/(1.03)12 = 0Simplifying the equation, we get:2.7381A - 1,336,366.06 = 0A = RM 487,413.55Therefore, the value of A when the internal rate of return (IRR) is 3% per annum is RM 487,413.55. Net present value = -A - 7,081.94.Internal rate of return = 7.71% per annum.Value of A when the internal rate of return is 3% per annum = RM 487,413.55.
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Which of the following would increase potential GDP? (Choose all that apply)
A) Suddenly all college student quit school and start looking for a job
B) The government starts to build more infrastructures (roads, bridges, ports, and airports).
C) Workers decide to retire later than they planned.
D) Interest rates fall and there is more demand for cars, houses, and capital goods.
E) Software is used that makes businesses more efficient.
The government starts to build more infrastructures (roads, bridges, ports, and airports) would increase potential GDP. Option B is the correct answer.
Potential GDP is the amount of production that a country's economy is capable of producing at a certain inflation rate. Estimating potential gross domestic product yields a potential production estimate. Labor market expansion, market efficiency, liquidity, and government policies all have an impact on capital accumulation, or stock. Option B is the correct answer.
The following factors have the greatest impact on potential gross domestic product Plants, machinery, and other production-enhancing assets comprise capital stock. It might rise if more workers enter the workforce, more capital is added to the economy, or the current labor force and capital assets become more productive. It might rise if more workers enter the workforce, more capital is added to the economy, or the current labor force and capital assets become more productive.
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You have $27,454.09 in a brokerage account, and you plan to deposit an additional $3,000 at the end of every future year until your account totals $210,000. You expect to earn 10% annually on the account. How many years will it take to reach your goal? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. years
It will take a total time of 24 to reach your goal.
How to find the number of years?So we want to find how many years it will take to reach your goal of $210,000 in the brokerage account, given an initial balance of $27,454.09, an annual deposit of $3,000, and an expected annual return of 10%, we can use the concept of future value of an ordinary annuity.
The future value of an ordinary annuity formula is:
FV = P * [(1 + r)ⁿ - 1] / r
Where:
FV = Future ValueP = Payment amount per periodr = Interest rate per periodn = Number of periodsIn this case, the values we need to use are:
the payment amount per period (P) is $3,000, the interest rate per period (r) is 10% (or 0.10),and we need to solve for the number of periods (n).
We know the values:
FV = $210,000 (desired future value)P = $3,000 (annual deposit)r = 0.10 (10% annual interest rate)Using the formula, we have:
$210,000 = $3,000 * [(1 + 0.10)ⁿ - 1] / 0.10
Now simplify that:
[(1.10)ⁿ - 1] / 0.10 = $210,000 / $3,000
[(1.10)ⁿ - 1] / 0.10 = 70
Multiply both sides by 0.10:
(1.10)ⁿ - 1 = 7
Add 1 to both sides:
(1.10)ⁿ = 8
Taking the logarithm of both sides:
log(1.10)ⁿ = log(8)
Using the logarithm property, we have:
n * log(1.10) = log(8)
Divide both sides by log(1.10):
n = log(8) / log(1.10)
n ≈ 23.64
Or 24, rounded to the next whole number.
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Suppose AAA Airlines is suffering from low revenues and profits. If the company wants to increase revenue and the price elasticity of demand is -0.75, the company should:
a) keep the price unchanged because if the price is either increased or decreased total revenue will fall.
b) decrease the price of tickets.
c) advertise. The only option the company has to raise total revenues is to advertise.
d) increase the price of tickets.
Suppose AAA Airlines is suffering from low revenues and profits. If the company wants to increase revenue and the price elasticity of demand is -0.75, the company should decrease the price of tickets.
Price elasticity of demand (PED) refers to the degree to which the quantity demanded of a product or service responds to a change in its price. The responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a product or service to a change in its price is measured by PED. When a company increases the price of its goods, the total revenue earned by the company changes in one of two ways.
It can either increase or decrease, depending on how elastic the demand for the product is. A decrease in the price of a good or service will lead to an increase in its quantity demanded if the price elasticity of demand (PED) is inelastic (less than one). A decrease in price will result in a fall in total revenue if the PED is elastic (greater than one). A change in price will have no effect on total revenue if the PED is unitary elastic (equal to one).
Hence, the correct option is b) decrease the price of tickets.
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Cost of capital is often used as the hurdle rate or maximum acceptable rate of return when evaluating investment projects. True O False
The statement given "Cost of capital is often used as the hurdle rate or maximum acceptable rate of return when evaluating investment projects. " is true because cost of capital is commonly used as the hurdle rate or maximum acceptable rate of return when assessing investment projects.
The cost of capital refers to the average rate of return that a company needs to earn on its investments in order to satisfy its shareholders or investors. It represents the minimum rate of return required to compensate for the risk associated with an investment. When evaluating investment projects, the cost of capital is used as a benchmark or hurdle rate to determine whether the project is worthwhile. If the expected rate of return on the project is lower than the cost of capital, it may be considered not financially viable. Therefore, the statement is true.
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Click Submit to complete this assessment Question 16 2 points All, Basel and Ziad are sharing income and loss in a 4:32 ratio respectively and decided to liquidate their partnership Prior to the final
In the liquidation of the partnership, Ziad's share of the loss would be approximately [tex]\$171,667[/tex].
In the given scenario, All, Basel, and Ziad share income and losses in a ratio of [tex]4:32[/tex] respectively. They have decided to liquidate their partnership before the final. If the partnership incurs a loss of [tex]$195,000[/tex], Ziad's share of the loss can be calculated. The total ratio of sharing income and loss is [tex]36 (4 + 32)[/tex]. Ziad's share of the loss is determined by multiplying his share ratio [tex]\frac{32}{36}[/tex] by the total loss amount. Therefore, Ziad's share of the loss on the partnership liquidation would amount to approximately [tex]\$171,667[/tex].In conclusion, in the liquidation of the partnership, Ziad's share of the loss would amount to approximately [tex]\$171,667[/tex] based on the [tex]4:32[/tex] ratio of income and loss sharing.
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suppose the production function is given by q=3k 4l. what is the marginal product of capital
The marginal product of capital in the given production function q=3k^4l is 12k^3l.
The marginal product of capital (MPK) measures the additional output generated by adding one unit of capital while holding other inputs constant. To find the MPK, we take the partial derivative of the production function with respect to capital (k), assuming labor (l) is fixed.
In the given production function q=3k^4l, we differentiate with respect to k:
∂q/∂k = 12k^3l
This means that for each additional unit of capital (k) added, the output (q) increases by 12k^3l, assuming labor (l) remains constant. The marginal product of capital captures the rate at which output changes with respect to changes in capital input.
Therefore, the marginal product of capital in the given production function q=3k^4l is 12k^3l.
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which of the following is not a primary activity in porter’s value chain analysis? select one: a. human resource management b. sales c. production d. service
According to Porter's Value Chain Analysis model, which of the following is not a primary activity?Human resource management is not a primary activity in Porter’s value chain analysis.
Human resource management is a support activity in Porter’s Value Chain Analysis. The following are the primary activities in Porter’s Value Chain Analysis: Inbound logistics: It refers to the movement of goods from the suppliers and includes activities such as receiving, storing, and transportation of goods. Operations: It refers to the activities that change inputs into finished goods or services. Outbound logistics:
It refers to the movement of finished goods from the organization to the customers. Marketing and sales: It involves activities such as advertising, promoting, and selling the products or services. Service: It involves activities such as providing customer support, repair, and maintenance services.
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Assume 21,500 units were in beginning WIP; 44,200 units were started; 56,000 units were completed; and 9,700 units were in ending WIP. Materials are added at the beginning of the process. What is the
Based on the work in progress, the total number of equivalent units for materials?
65,700
How to calculate the valueThe total number of equivalent units for materials is the sum of the equivalent units for completed units and the equivalent units for the ending work in progress (WIP).
Equivalent units for completed units:
Since all 56,000 units were completed, the equivalent units for materials for the completed units are 56,000.
Total number of equivalent units for materials:
56,000 (equivalent units for completed units) + 9,700 (equivalent units for ending WIP)
= 65,700
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Assume 21,500 units were in beginning WIP; 44,200 units were started; 56,000 units were completed; and 9,700 units were in ending WIP. Materials are added at the beginning of the process.
What is the total number of equivalent units for materials?
53,900
44,200
65,700
77,500
Michel works for Northwest Gaskets in Alberta. He earns $39,000.00 per year and is paid bi-weekly. His TD1 federal and provincial claim codes are 2. In March 2022, Michel receives a production bonus for meeting his 2022 targets. The bonus of $3,640.00 is paid separately from his regular pay. Calculate the income tax on Michel's bonus payment.
Michel’s bonus payment of $3,640.00 is subject to income tax. In Canada, the federal and provincial governments both tax individual income. The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) is responsible for administering Canada’s tax laws. Michel must pay taxes on his bonus payment, just as he does on his regular salary.
The amount of tax Michel owes on his bonus payment depends on his marginal tax rate, which is based on his total income and provincial tax bracket.
First, Michel must calculate his taxable income. His total income for the year is $39,000.00 + $3,640.00 = $42,640.00. Since Michel is paid bi-weekly, he receives 26 pay cheques in a year. His gross pay per pay cheque is $39,000.00 ÷ 26 = $1,500.00. He must deduct federal and provincial tax, Employment Insurance (EI) premiums, and Canada Pension Plan (CPP) contributions from his pay cheques. Michel’s TD1 federal and provincial claim codes are both
2, which means he is entitled to basic personal tax credits. These credits reduce the amount of income tax he owes. In Alberta, the basic personal amount for 2022 is $19,369.00. Michel must subtract this amount from his total income to calculate his taxable income. Taxable income = Total income – Basic personal amount Taxable income = $42,640.00 – $19,369.00 = $23,271.00.
To calculate the tax Michel owes on his bonus payment, we need to know his marginal tax rate. His marginal tax rate is the tax rate on his last dollar of income. Michel is a resident of Alberta, so we will use Alberta’s tax brackets for 2022. The marginal tax rate is 30.50% in Michel’s tax bracket. To calculate the tax Michel owes on his bonus payment, we can multiply his bonus payment by his marginal tax rate.
Tax on bonus payment = Bonus payment × Marginal tax rate Tax on bonus payment = $3,640.00 × 0.3050Tax on bonus payment = $1,109.60
Therefore, the income tax on Michel's bonus payment is $1,109.60.
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At 3.5% interest rate compounded quarterly, how many years does it take to quadruple your money? 2. (3 marks) You need $800,000 for a new house in 10 years. If you could earn 0.5% per month, how much will you have to deposit today? 3. (3 marks) An investment guarantees that you can receive back $28,000 six years later by investing $16,000 today. What interest rate do you earn if the rate is compounded semi- annually? 4. (3 marks) A bank is newly established and offers savings deposits rate of 2.5% compounded semi- annually. If you deposit $65,000 into that account, how many years will you have to wait until your account is worth $80,000?
1. You will have to wait approximately 3.13 years for the account to be worth $80,000 at a savings deposit rate of 2.5% compounded semi-annually.To quadruple your money, the final amount will be four times the initial amount. Let's assume the initial amount is P.
Final amount = 4P
Using the compound interest formula:
Final amount = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
Where: r = interest rate (in decimal form)
n = number of times interest is compounded per year
t = number of years
In this case, the interest rate is 3.5% (0.035) compounded quarterly (n = 4).
4P = P(1 + 0.035/4)^(4t)
Dividing both sides by P:
4 = (1 + 0.035/4)^(4t)
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides:
ln(4) = ln[(1 + 0.035/4)^(4t)]
Using the logarithmic property:
4t * ln(1 + 0.035/4) = ln(4)
Now, solving for t: t = ln(4) / [4 * ln(1 + 0.035/4)]
Using a calculator, we find: t ≈ 19.9 years
Therefore, it takes approximately 19.9 years to quadruple your money at a 3.5% interest rate compounded quarterly.
2. To calculate the amount you need to deposit today, we can use the future value formula:
Future value = Present value * (1 + r)^n
Where: r = interest rate per period
n = number of periods
In this case, the interest rate is 0.5% per month (0.005) and the time period is 10 years (120 months).
We need to find the present value (P).
$800,000 = P * (1 + 0.005)^120
Dividing both sides by (1 + 0.005)^120:
P = $800,000 / (1 + 0.005)^120
Calculating this using a calculator:
P ≈ $537,675.56
Therefore, you need to deposit approximately $537,675.56 today to have $800,000 in 10 years at a 0.5% monthly interest rate.
3. To find the interest rate compounded semi-annually, we can use the future value formula: Future value = Present value * (1 + r/n)^(nt) Where:
r = interest rate (in decimal form)
n = number of times interest is compounded per year
t = number of years
In this case, the future value is $28,000, the present value is $16,000, and the investment period is 6 years. The interest is compounded semi-annually (n = 2).
$28,000 = $16,000 * (1 + r/2)^(2 * 6)
Dividing both sides by $16,000:
(1 + r/2)^(12) = 28,000 / 16,000
Taking the 12th root of both sides:
1 + r/2 = (28,000 / 16,000)^(1/12)
Subtracting 1 from both sides:
r/2 = (28,000 / 16,000)^(1/12) - 1
Multiplying both sides by 2:
r = 2 * [(28,000 / 16,000)^(1/12) - 1]
Calculating this using a calculator:
r ≈ 0.0828 or 8.28%
Therefore, the interest rate earned when compounded semi-annually is approximately 8.28%.
4. Future value = Present value * (1 + r/n)^(nt) Where:
r = interest rate (in decimal form)
n = number of times interest is compounded per year
t = number of years
In this case, the present value is $65,000, the future value is $80,000, and the interest is compounded semi-annually (n = 2). $80,000 = $65,000 * (1 + r/2)^(2t)
Dividing both sides by $65,000:
(1 + r/2)^(2t) = 80,000 / 65,000
Taking the logarithm of both sides:
2t * log(1 + r/2) = log(80,000 / 65,000)
Solving for t: t = log(80,000 / 65,000) / (2 * log(1 + r/2))
Using a calculator, we find: t ≈ 3.13 years
Therefore, you will have to wait approximately 3.13 years for the account to be worth $80,000 at a savings deposit rate of 2.5% compounded semi-annually.
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A 100 face value floater is paying LIBOR on a semiannual frequency. Today is t=0, 6 month LIBOR is equal to 6.78% (annualized), hence the first coupon 6 month from today will be $3.39. a) What is the duration of the floater at t=0? b) What is its modified duration? c) What is its convexity?
A 100 face value floater is paying LIBOR on a semiannual frequency. Today is t=0, 6 month LIBOR is equal to 6.78% (annualized), hence the first coupon 6 months from today will be $3.39.
a) The duration of the floater at t=0 is the time-weighted average term to maturity. A floating-rate bond has a duration close to its first coupon date. The time until the first coupon is 0.5 years; as a result, the bond's duration is also 0.5 years.
b) Modified duration is a measure of interest rate risk. It estimates the percentage price change in response to a 100 basis point change in interest rates. Modified duration is expressed as a percentage. The bond's duration at t=0 is 0.5 years. The modified duration formula for the bond is as follows: Modified Duration = Duration / (1 + r)Where r is the semi-annual discount rate for the floater.
Given that the semi-annual discount rate is LIBOR, which is currently 3.39 / 100 = 0.0339 / 2 = 0.01695. Modified duration = 0.5 / (1 + 0.01695) = 0.491 years or 49.1%.
c) Convexity is a measure of the curvature of the price-yield relationship for a bond. Convexity measures how the modified duration changes as yields change.
The formula for convexity is: Convexity = {[V- - 2V+ + V++] / V(Δy)2}. Where: V- is the bond price when yields increase by Δy. V+ is the bond price when yields decrease by Δy.V0 is the bond price at the initial yield.
Δy is the change in yields.V0 = 100, Δy = 0.01.
The bond price at LIBOR - 0.01% (V-) = 100 x 1.01695 = $101.695.
The bond price at LIBOR + 0.01% (V+) = 100 x 0.98305 = $98.305. Convexity = {[101.695 - 2(100) + 98.305] / (100 x 0.0001)} = 0.16.
The bond's convexity at t=0 is 0.16. Hence, the answers for the given questions are:
a) The duration of the floater at t=0 is 0.5 years.
b) The modified duration of the floater at t=0 is 0.491 years or 49.1%.
c) The convexity of the floater at t=0 is 0.16.
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[CLO-6] A company is producing pen for 5 years, the investment value for the company is $700,000, the market value for the company is $10,000, while the annual expenses is $100,000. Monthly tax to be paid 2% from the investment. The company find itself increase the price of the pen each year 50% than previous year with regular production demand 100,000 (product/year). Based on PW method what is the first price the company sells the pen to have marginally profitable? Knowing that MARR = 12% compounded yearly
To determine the first price at which the company would be marginally profitable, we can use the Present Worth (PW) method. The PW method calculates the present value of the cash flows associated with the project over its lifespan, using a given minimum attractive rate of return (MARR).
Given:
Investment value (initial cost) = $700,000
Market value (salvage value) = $10,000
Annual expenses = $100,000
Monthly tax rate = 2% of the investment value
Regular production demand = 100,000 pens per year
Price increase per year = 50% of the previous year's price
MARR = 12% compounded yearly
Step 1: Calculate the annual revenue for each year based on the production demand and price increase:
Year 1:
Revenue = Regular production demand * Price
Price = ?
Revenue = 100,000 * Price
Year 2:
Revenue = Regular production demand * Price
Price = 1.5 * Year 1 Price
Revenue = 100,000 * (1.5 * Year 1 Price)
Year 3:
Revenue = Regular production demand * Price
Price = 1.5 * Year 2 Price
Revenue = 100,000 * (1.5 * (1.5 * Year 1 Price))
And so on for the subsequent years.
Step 2: Calculate the annual cash flows for each year:
Year 1:
Cash flow = Revenue - Expenses - Taxes
Cash flow = (100,000 * Price) - $100,000 - (0.02 * $700,000)
Year 2:
Cash flow = Revenue - Expenses - Taxes
Cash flow = (100,000 * (1.5 * Year 1 Price)) - $100,000 - (0.02 * $700,000)
Year 3:
Cash flow = Revenue - Expenses - Taxes
Cash flow = (100,000 * (1.5 * (1.5 * Year 1 Price))) - $100,000 - (0.02 * $700,000)
And so on for the subsequent years.
Step 3: Calculate the present worth of the cash flows using the MARR of 12%:
PW = Cash flow Year 1 / (1 + MARR)^1 + Cash flow Year 2 / (1 + MARR)^2 + Cash flow Year 3 / (1 + MARR)^3 + ...
Step 4: Find the minimum price at which the present worth is zero (marginally profitable):
Iteratively adjust the price until the present worth is close to zero.
The above calculations can be performed using a spreadsheet or financial calculator to find the specific price at which the present worth is zero and the company becomes marginally profitable.
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Directions:
• Conduct a SWOT analysis of the company on which you are creating your Leadership Recommendation Project (LRP).
• As a connection between research and planning, a SWOT analysis has been shown to be very effective.)
Grading Criteria: (25 points potential)
• SWOT grid, filled with bulleted points
• A brief narrative explaining the rationale behind the bulleted points in each category (S.W.O.T.) and conclusions drawn from analyzing your SWOT
SWOT Analysis for Company X: Through the SWOT analysis, it is evident that Company X possesses strong brand recognition, a robust financial position, and a skilled workforce.
However, it faces challenges such as limited global presence, reliance on a single product line, and slow technology adoption. By capitalizing on opportunities like expanding into emerging markets, diversification, and embracing sustainable practices, Company X can mitigate threats and enhance its competitiveness.
Strengths: Strong brand recognition and reputation in the market.Robust financial position with consistent revenue growth and profitability.Well-established distribution network and partnerships with key suppliers. High-quality and innovative product portfolio. Skilled and dicated workforce.
Rationale: Company X's strong brand recognition and reputation provide a competitive advantage by attracting customers and building trust. Its robust financial position allows for strategic investments and expansion opportunities.
Weaknesses: Limited global presence compared to competitors.Reliance on a single product line for a significant portion of revenue.Lack of diversity in the management team.Slow adoption of new technologies and digital transformation initiatives.Vulnerability to changes in raw material prices.
Rationale: Company X's limited global presence puts it at a disadvantage in capturing international markets compared to competitors with wider reach.
Opportunities: Expansion into emerging markets with growing consumer demand.Diversification into complementary product lines.Increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products.Strategic partnerships and acquisitions to expand market reach.Leveraging technology for process optimization and enhanced customer experience.
Rationale: Company X can capitalize on emerging markets' growth by expanding its operations and reaching a larger customer base. Diversifying into complementary product lines can reduce dependence on a single revenue source and capture new market segments.Intense competition from established players and new entrants.Changing regulatory and compliance requirements.Economic downturns and fluctuations in consumer spending.Rapid technological advancements that can render existing products obsolete.Supply chain disruptions and geopolitical uncertainties.
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taste for discrimination paying a premium for a characteristic that has nothing to do with productivity tolerating soemone from a demographic only if can pay them less Shouold not competitive market forces eliminate this?
While competitive market forces can help address certain forms of discrimination, they may not be sufficient to eliminate taste-based discrimination, where employers pay a premium for a characteristic unrelated to productivity or tolerate someone from a demographic only if they can pay them less.
Competitive market forces typically reward efficient allocation of resources, productivity, and cost-effectiveness. However, taste-based discrimination operates outside of rational economic considerations and is driven by individual biases, stereotypes, or preferences.
Market forces alone may not eliminate taste-based discrimination because:
Information asymmetry: Employers may have limited information about an individual's productivity or potential, leading them to rely on biases or stereotypes instead.
Preferences and biases: Consumers may exhibit preferences or biases that lead them to discriminate against certain individuals or groups, regardless of the competitive market conditions.
Social norms and cultural factors: Discrimination can be deeply rooted in societal norms, cultural beliefs, or historical biases. These factors can persist despite market competition and may require broader social change and awareness to address effectively.
While market forces can create incentives for employers to make rational decisions based on productivity and cost-effectiveness, taste-based discrimination operates on irrational biases and preferences that are not easily eliminated through market mechanisms alone.
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Marginal analysis is used for both "either-or" and "how much" decisions. only "either-or" decisions. only "how much" decisions. only those situations where the time value of money is involved.
Marginal analysis is used for both "either-or" and "how much" decisions. This means that it is used when deciding between two alternatives or determining how much of something to produce or consume.
It is not limited to only one type of decision. However, it is not necessarily used only in situations where the time value of money is involved. Marginal analysis looks at the incremental cost and benefit of a particular decision. In other words, it examines the additional costs and benefits of producing or consuming one more unit of something. For example, if a company is deciding whether to produce more than 100 units of a product, it would use marginal analysis to determine whether the additional cost of producing more units would be worth the additional revenue earned.
This type of decision is a "how much" decision, as it is determining how much of a product to produce.Other "how much" decisions that would use marginal analysis include determining how much inventory to keep on hand, how many employees to hire, or how much advertising to invest in. On the other hand, "either-or" decisions would involve choosing between two options, such as whether to invest in one project or another, or whether to purchase one asset or another.
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sunny holds $50 in cash on order to buy food and to pay for the subway. this represents the
Sunny's cash holding of $50 represents the money they have set aside for purchasing food and paying for the subway. This amount serves as their budget or available funds for these specific expenses. They can allocate this $50 between buying food and paying for subway fares as needed until the money is depleted.
If Sunny's cash is referred to as "cash on order," it typically means that they have placed an order or made a request for cash to be delivered or made available for them to use. In this case, it suggests that Sunny has requested or is expecting to receive a certain amount of cash, which they intend to use for buying food and paying for the subway. The $50 mentioned would then represent the expected or requested amount of cash that Sunny is waiting to receive.
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Sunny holds $50 in cash on order to buy food and to pay for the subway. this represents the ____________
on june 1 of the current year, jack and angie purchased a rental beach house for $900,000 and rented it right away. of that amount, $600,000 was for the land value. how much depreciation deduction can jack and angie take in the current year? (you may need to refer to the depreciation tables.) multiple choice $11,820 $10,909 $5,910 $17,730
Depreciation deduction that Jack and Angie can take in the current year is $10,909. Hence, the option is B. $10,909.
On June 1 of the current year, Jack and Angie purchased a rental beach house for $900,000, of which $600,000 was for the land value.
The remaining $300,000 ($900,000 - $600,000) is allocated as the building value.
Since it is a rental property, the building's cost can be depreciated over 27.5 years using the straight-line method, which implies that depreciation expense would be $300,000/27.5 = $10,909.09 per year.
Thus, depreciation deduction that Jack and Angie can take in the current year is $10,909.
Hence, the option is B. $10,909.
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answer all questions
4.3 Hadley Bear, Inc. uses a periodic inventory system. At the end of the January 31, 2017, the accounting records for the most popular them in inventory showed the following Transactions Units Unit C
The cost of goods sold if Hadley Bear uses the average cost method based on the information is $3280
How to calculate the amountGiven the following information:
Beginning Inventory= 350 units for $1 each
Purchases January 10 = 450 $4
Purchase, January 30= 200 $7
At the end of the period, Hadley Bear has 180 units remaining in inventory.
First, we need to calculate the number of units sold:
Units sold= total units - ending inventory in units
Units sold= 1,000 - 180
Units sold= 820 units
Now, the average cost:
Average cost= (1 + 4 + 7)/3= $4
COGS= 4 * 820= $3,280
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Hadley Bear, Inc. uses a periodic inventory system. At the end of the January 31, 2017, the accounting records for the most popular item in inventory showed the following: Transactions Units Unit Cost Beginning Inventory, Jan 1 350 $1 Purchases January 10 450 $4 Purchase, January 30 200 $7 Hadley Bear sells the units for $20 each. At the end of the period, Hadley Bear has 180 units remaining in inventory. What is the cost of goods sold if Hadley Bear uses the average cost method?
Current Attempt in Progress At December 31, 2021 and 2020, Bonita Industries had 188000 shares of common stock and 11200 shares of 5%, $100 par value cumulative preferred stock outstanding. No dividends were declared on either the preferred or common stock in 2021 or 2020. Net income for 2021 was $444000. For 2021, earnings per common share amounted to (rounded to the nearest penny) O $2.35, O $1.66. O $2.06. O $1.79.
For 2021, earnings per common share offer added up to $2.06 per share.
The option (C) is correct.
The basic earnings per share (EPS) metric alludes to the aggregate sum of net gain that an organization creates for every normal offer exceptional. The essential EPS is determined by partitioning an organization's net gain by the weighted average of common shares outstanding.
Given:
The Dividend to be accrued on Preference shares for 2021 = 11200 *5% * 100
= $56,000
The Earnings available to common shareholders for 2021 = $4,44,000 - $56,000
= $3,88,000
The number of common shares outstanding is = $3,66,000 shares
The Basic Earnings per share = $3,88,000 / $188000
= $2.06 per share
Therefore, for 2021, basic earnings per common share amounted to $2.06 per share.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
Current Attempt in Progress At December 31, 2021 and 2020, Bonita Industries had 188000 shares of common stock and 11200 shares of 5%, $100 par value cumulative preferred stock outstanding. No dividends were declared on either the preferred or common stock in 2021 or 2020. Net income for 2021 was $444000. For 2021, earnings per common share amounted to (rounded to the nearest penny)
(A) $2.35
(B) $1.66.
(C) $2.06.
(D) $1.79.
Define inflation and outline the steps involved in the calculation with suitable examples.
Inflation is the generalized, discounted, and continuous increase in the prices of products and services in an economy in the long, medium or short term.
Steps involving the calculation of inflationSelect products and services that are consumed by the general population.Collect the prices of these products in regular surveys over short periods of time.Calculate the average percentage change in these prices.Inflation reduces the purchasing power of consumers and in the long run causes problems in the production of national products and services, as the number of consumers decreases and products are not sold as expected.
For this reason, the government must create strategies to contain inflation whenever its effects are negatively impacting the economy.
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14. Expand the following abbreviations: IMF FEMA NASDAQ FDI
IMF - International Monetary Fund, FEMA - Federal Emergency Management Agency, NASDAQ - National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations, FDI - Foreign Direct Investment
IMF is an international financial institution that promotes international monetary cooperation, facilitates international trade, and provides resources to member countries in need of assistance. The organization has 190 member countries and its primary role is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system. It does this by providing financial assistance to countries that experience balance of payments problems, conducting surveillance of global economic conditions, and providing technical assistance to help countries develop sound economic policies.
FEMA is a government agency that works to support citizens and first responders to prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies and disasters. The agency is responsible for coordinating disaster response and providing assistance to affected individuals and communities. This includes providing financial assistance, food and water, medical care, and other services to those affected by disasters.
NASDAQ is the second largest stock exchange in the world, behind only the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). It is known for its high-tech and growth-oriented companies, and is home to some of the world's most well-known technology companies. NASDAQ is also known for its electronic trading platform, which allows traders to buy and sell securities electronically.
FDI refers to a type of investment in which a firm or individual invests in another country. FDI can take many forms, including the acquisition of a foreign firm or the establishment of a new foreign business. FDI can bring significant benefits to the host country, including increased economic growth, job creation, and the transfer of technology and skills.
In conclusion, IMF, FEMA, NASDAQ, and FDI are all important organizations that play significant roles in the global economy. IMF provides financial assistance and promotes international monetary cooperation, FEMA supports disaster response and recovery efforts, NASDAQ is a leading stock exchange, and FDI can bring significant benefits to the host country. Each organization plays a unique role in promoting economic growth, stability, and development.
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D ncrease $4,000 and liabilities decrease $4,000. Question 36 2.5 pts On May 31 of the current year, the assets and liabilities of Riser, Incorporated are as follows: Cash $25,500: Accounts Receivable
On May 31 of the current year, Riser, Incorporated has assets totaling $25,500, consisting mainly of cash.
Additionally, the company has accounts receivable, which are amounts owed to the company by its customers for goods or services provided.
However, the question does not provide the specific amount for accounts receivable.
In this particular scenario, it is stated that there is an increase of $4,000 in assets and a corresponding decrease of $4,000 in liabilities.
It is unclear from the information given what the nature of the liabilities is, as no details are provided.
Overall, on May 31, Riser, Incorporated's financial position reflects a cash balance of $25,500, with additional assets and liabilities whose amounts are unspecified.
Without further information, it is challenging to assess the overall financial health and performance of the company.
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ou are operating a plant that produces two products (product a and product b). you are trying to determine the optimal production quantities of each product. due to inventory restrictions at your plant, you can only produce a total of 3,000 pieces per month. further, due to tight financing you can only afford to have the total cost of production being $50,000 per month. (a) create a simple, iterative optimization algorithm that will compute the optimal quantities of product a and product b produced per month if the cost of production of product a is $10 per unit and the cost of production of product b is $100 per unit. your optimization routine can stop once the values are determined with 1.0% accuracy. (b) what happens to the product mix if the cost of product b rises by 50%? what happens if it drops by 50%?
(a) The iterative optimization algorithm can determine the optimal quantities of product A and product B per month within 1.0% accuracy, considering production cost and inventory limitations. (b) If the cost of product B increases by 50%, the algorithm may prioritize producing more of product A.
Simple, Iterative Optimization Algorithm:
Start with initial quantities of product a and product b.
Calculate the total cost of production using the given cost per unit for each product.
Compare the total cost of production with the budget constraint of $50,000 per month.
If the total cost is within the budget constraint, calculate the accuracy of the solution.
If the accuracy is within the desired threshold (1.0%), stop and return the optimal quantities.
If the accuracy is not within the desired threshold, adjust the quantities of product a and product b and repeat steps 2-5 until the desired accuracy is achieved.
Impact of Cost Change on Product Mix:
If the cost of product b rises by 50%, it becomes more expensive to produce. As a result, the optimization algorithm may shift the production mix towards producing more of product a, which has a lower cost per unit. This adjustment aims to minimize the overall cost of production within the given constraints.
If the cost of product b drops by 50%, it becomes more cost-effective to produce. The optimization algorithm may adjust the production mix to increase the quantity of product b since it now has a lower cost per unit. This adjustment aims to maximize the production output while staying within the cost and quantity constraints.
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Which policy is appropriate when a rising aggregate price level is a concern but GDP is growing at an acceptable rate? A) It is unclear which type of monetary policy is appropriate. B) expansionary monetary policy (easy money policy) C) contractionary or restrictive monetary policy (tight money policy)
Contractionary or restrictive monetary policy is appropriate when a rising aggregate price level is a concern but GDP is growing at an acceptable rate.
When a central bank employs its monetary policy instruments to combat inflation, such practice is known as contractionary monetary policy. This is how the bank modifies economic expansion. An economy that is running too hot will have inflation. Because it restricts liquidity, it is often referred to as a restrictive monetary policy.
To make loans more expensive, the bank will increase interest rates. As a result, banks are able to lend out less money and credit. By raising the cost of mortgages, credit cards, and loans, it reduces the money supply. Inflation may be harmful if it rises significantly. To avoid paying subsequent price increases, people make excessive purchases today. Businesses may increase production as a result of consumer buying to meet the increased demand. They will boost prices more if they are unable to manufacture more.
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please help me put these transactions into a general journal.
Adjusting Entries - Round to two decimal places. 27. The rent payment made on June 17 was for June, July and August. Expense the amount associated with one month's rent. A physical inventory showed th
The adjusted entries are given as follows.
The adjusted entriesRent Expense: $1,800 (3600/2)
Prepaid Rent: $1,800 (3600/2)
Office Supplies Expense: $X (Amount needed to adjust to $259.00)
Office Supplies: $X (Amount needed to adjust to $259.00)
Interest Expense: $X (Interest for half a month at 9% annual rate)
Interest Payable: $X (Interest for half a month at 9% annual rate)
Insurance Expense: $X (Amount of one-half month's insurance)
Accounts Receivable - $5, 625.00
Unbilled Revenues - $5,625.00
Building Depreciation Expense: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)
Accumulated Depreciation - Building: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)
Computer Equipment Depreciation Expense: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)
Accumulated Depreciation - Computer Equipment: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)
Office Equipment Depreciation Expense: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)
Accumulated Depreciation - Office Equipment: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)
Salaries Expense: $531.00
Salaries Payable: $531.00
Interest Expense: $X (Interest on the note payable)
Interest Payable: $X (Interest on the note payable)
Closing Entries:
Debit: Revenue Accounts
Credit: Income Summary
Debit: Expense Accounts
Credit: Income Summary
Debit: Income Summary
Credit: Retained Earnings
Debit: Retained Earnings
Credit: Withdrawals
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Full Question:
Although part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question:
Adjusting Entries - Round to two decimal places.
27. The rent payment made on June 17 (3600 )was for June and July. Expense the amount associated with one month's rent.
28. A physical inventory showed that only $259.00 worth of office supplies remained on hand as of June 30.
29. The annual interest rate on the mortgage payable was 9.00 percent. Interest expense for one-half month should be computed because the building and land were purchased and the liability incurred on June 16.
30. Record a journal entry to reflect that one half month's insurance has expired.
31. A review of Byte’s job worksheets show that there are unbilled revenues in the amount of $5,625.00 for the period of June 28-30.
The fixed assets have estimated useful lives as follows:
Building - 31.5 years
Computer Equipment - 5.0 years
32. Office Equipment - 7.0 years
Use the straight-line method of depreciation. Management has decided that assets purchased during a month are treated as if purchased on the first day of the month. The building’s scrap value is $500.00. The office equipment has a scrap value of $350.00. The computer equipment has no scrap value. Calculate the depreciation for one month.
33. A review of the payroll records show that unpaid salaries in the amount of $531.00 are owed by Byte for three days, June 28 - 30. Ignore payroll taxes.
34. The note payable to Royce Computers (transactions 04 and 07) is a five-year note, with interest at the rate of 12 percent annually. Interest expense should be computed based on a 360 day year.
Closing Entries
35. Close the revenue accounts.
36. Close the expense accounts.
37. Close the income summary account.
38. Close the withdrawals account