Of the following elements aluminum, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, and sodium which has the smallest atomic radius? Explain your answer.

Option A. Z)-3-Methylpent-2-ene  is the correct name of the starting alkene

A starting alkene refers to the initial unsaturated hydrocarbon compound used in a chemical reaction or synthesis. It is the precursor or starting material from which other compounds or products are formed through various chemical transformations.

In organic chemistry, alkene refers to a class of hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. These compounds are important intermediates in many organic reactions and serve as building blocks for the synthesis of more complex molecules.

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The ΔH° 298 for the process Co₃O₄ (s) ⟶ 3 Co (s) + 2 O₂(g) is -536.2 kJ.

To calculate ΔH° 298 for the process:

Co₃O₄ (s) ⟶ 3 Co (s) + 2 O₂(g)

First, we reverse the second reaction and change the sign of the enthalpy change:

Co₃O₄ (s) ⟶ 3 CoO (s) + 1/2 O₂ (g) :ΔH°298 = +177.5 kJ

Multiply the first reaction by 3 to match the number of CoO(s) in the second reaction:

3 Co(s) + 3/2 O₂ (g) ⟶ 3 CoO(s) ΔH°298 = 3 * (-237.9) kJ = -713.7 kJ

Sum the reactions and their enthalpy changes to obtain the desired reaction:

3 Co(s) + 3/2 O₂(g) + Co₃O₄(s) ⟶ 3 CoO(s) + 1/2 O₂(g) + Co₃O₄ (s) ΔH°298 = -713.7 kJ + 177.5 kJ

ΔH° 298 = -536.2 kJ

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The bond angle in ammonia, NH3 is approximately 107°, which is less than the tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5°.

The bond angles in ammonia, NH3 can be predicted based on its Lewis structure.The tetrahedral molecule has bond angles of 109.5°, and the trigonal plane molecule has bond angles of 120°.The shape of ammonia, NH3, molecule can be determined using its Lewis structure. Ammonia molecule has four electrons pairs and a single bond and thus has a tetrahedral electronic geometry. The three hydrogen atoms are situated at the corners of a triangle with nitrogen in the middle. The molecular shape, which determines the bond angles, is thus trigonal pyramidal.The bond angle in ammonia, NH3 is approximately 107°, which is less than the tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5°.

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The chemical bond that occurs when atoms share electrons is called a covalent bond. A covalent bond is a chemical bond that occurs when two or more atoms share electrons. This can happen when two or more atoms come together to form a molecule.

In a covalent bond, the electrons that are shared between the atoms are held together by a strong force. This force is called a covalent bond. The strength of the covalent bond depends on how many electrons are being shared and how strong the attraction between the atoms is. A covalent bond can be polar or nonpolar. A polar covalent bond occurs when there is an uneven sharing of electrons between the atoms. In this type of bond, one atom will have a stronger pull on the electrons than the other. This results in a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other.

A nonpolar covalent bond occurs when the electrons are shared equally between the atoms. This results in no partial charges on the atoms. Overall, covalent bonds are important in the formation of many important molecules in the body and in the environment. The length and strength of a covalent bond depend on several factors. For example, the number of electrons shared between the atoms and the distance between the atoms can affect the strength of the bond. Similarly, the type of atoms involved in the bond can affect its strength.

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Thymine (T) and its derivatives play important roles in DNA and RNA structure and function. Oxetane derivatives of thymine can inhibit DNA replication by disrupting the hydrogen bonding that stabilizes the DNA double helix.

Option C is the most likely reason that the oxetane derivative of thymine disrupts DNA replication: the derivative lacks the functional groups to form hydrogen bonds with adenine, which it would normally pair with to form a stable base pair.Thymine derivatives have a significant effect on the properties of DNA, as they can influence the structure and stability of the DNA double helix. Thymine derivatives can cause DNA replication to stall or disrupt, as they affect the ability of DNA polymerase to accurately copy the DNA sequence. This is because DNA polymerase relies on complementary base pairing to ensure accurate replication, and the presence of thymine derivatives can interfere with this process by disrupting the formation of stable base pairs. Overall, the oxetane derivative of thymine can disrupt DNA replication by preventing proper base pairing with adenine, leading to errors in the DNA sequence that can have harmful effects.

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It would take the same number of moles of Ar(g) approximately 6.0 min to effuse through the same membrane.

The Graham's law of effusion states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass (i.e., the larger the molar mass of a gas, the slower it will effuse). Therefore, we can use this law to find the answer to the given problem. Here are the steps to solve the problem:

Step 1: Calculate the molar mass of Br2(g) and Ar(g)

The molar mass of Br2(g) is:1 × 2 + 79.904 × 2 = 159.808 g/mol

The molar mass of Ar(g) is:39.95 g/mol

Step 2: Calculate the ratio of the square roots of the molar masses

Ratio of the square roots of molar masses = sqrt(molar mass of Ar(g)) / sqrt(molar mass of Br2(g))= sqrt(39.95) / sqrt(159.808)= 0.25

Step 3: Calculate the time required for Ar(g) to effuse through the membrane

We can use the ratio of the square roots of molar masses to find the time required for Ar(g) to effuse through the same membrane.

Time for Ar(g) to effuse = (ratio of the square roots of molar masses) × (time for Br2(g) to effuse) = 0.25 × 24.0 min = 6.0 min

Therefore, it would take the same number of moles of Ar(g) approximately 6.0 min to effuse through the same membrane.

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Explanation:

Elements heavier than Helium are synthesized in a number of environments. For elements that are lighter than Iron, those elements are synthesized during various phases in the evolution of massive stars. For elements heavier than Iron, one needs quite a bit of energy input to form these heavy elements.

N2 +H2 →2 NH3

"Reactants Products Nitrogen 2 2 Hydrogen 2 6 Since NH3 is multiplied by a coefficient of 2 there are now 2 nitrogens and 6 hydrogens. The 6 hydrogens come from the 2 multiplied by the subscript of 3."

The solubility of methyl bromide in water at 25°C and a partial pressure of 300 mm Hg can be calculated using Henry's Law. The Henry's Law constant for methyl bromide is given as 0.159 mol/(L atm) at 25°C. By applying the equation for Henry's Law, the solubility of methyl bromide in water can be determined.

Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. The equation for Henry's Law is written as:

S = k * P

Where S is the solubility of the gas in the liquid, k is the Henry's Law constant, and P is the partial pressure of the gas. In this case, we are given the Henry's Law constant for methyl bromide as 0.159 mol/(L atm) at 25°C. The partial pressure of methyl bromide is given as 300 mm Hg.

Substituting the values into the equation, we have:

S = 0.159 mol/(L atm) * (300 mm Hg)

To convert mm Hg to atm, we divide by the conversion factor of 760 mm Hg/atm:

S = 0.159 mol/(L atm) * (300 mm Hg / 760 mm Hg/atm)

Simplifying the equation, we find:

S ≈ 0.0628 mol/L

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Bond order can be determined by counting the total number of electrons in the bonding molecular orbitals (sigma and pi orbitals), then determining the total number of bonding electrons by subtracting the number of electrons in non-bonding orbitals from the total number of electrons and dividing the total number of bonding electrons by 2.

To determine the bond order from the molecular electron configuration, you need to follow these steps:

1. Write the molecular electron configuration for the molecule by combining the atomic electron configurations of the constituent atoms. This involves filling the molecular orbitals with electrons according to the Aufbau principle and the Pauli exclusion principle.

2. Count the total number of electrons in the bonding molecular orbitals (sigma and pi orbitals). This includes the electrons in both bonding and non-bonding orbitals.

3. Determine the total number of bonding electrons by subtracting the number of electrons in non-bonding orbitals from the total number of electrons.

4. Divide the total number of bonding electrons by 2 to get the bond order.

The bond order represents the number of electron pairs shared between two atoms in a molecule. It indicates the strength and stability of the bond. A higher bond order indicates a stronger and shorter bond.

For example, let's consider the molecular electron configuration of O2:

Oxygen (O) atomic electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴

Combining two oxygen atoms, we get the molecular electron configuration for O₂:

σ2s² σ2s² σ2p⁴ π2p⁴

Counting the total number of electrons in the bonding orbitals, we have 2 electrons in σ2s², 2 electrons in σ2p⁴, and 4 electrons in π2p⁴. So, the total number of electrons is 8.

Since all the electrons, in this case, are bonding electrons, the total number of bonding electrons is also 8.

Dividing the total number of bonding electrons by 2, we get a bond order of 4/2 = 2.

Therefore, the bond order of O₂ is 2, indicating a double bond between the two oxygen atoms.

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CO 2 (s) → CO 2 (g)  produces an increase in the entropy of the system

Define entropy.

Entropy is the measurement of the amount of thermal energy per unit of temperature in a system that cannot be used for productive work. Entropy is a measure of a system's molecular disorder or unpredictability since work is produced by organised molecular motion.

Because a higher temperature increases the kinetic energy of molecules and, as a result, unpredictability, the entropy of the system rises with temperature. When a reaction generates more molecules than it started with, entropy typically rises. When a reaction creates fewer molecules than it began with, entropy typically decreases.

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Answer:

1. (NH₄)₂S(s) -----> NH₄+(aq) + S²-(aq)

2. Al³+ (aq) + PO₄³+ (aq) ----> AlPO₄ (s)

Explanation:

The dissociation of ammonium sulphide, (NH₄)₂S when dissolved in water is given in the equation below:

(NH₄)₂S(s) -----> NH₄+(aq) + S²-(aq)

However very little S²- ions are present in solution due to the very basic nature of the S²- ion (Kb = 1 x 105).

The ammonium ion being a better proton donor than water, donates a proton to sulphide ion to form hydrosulphide ion which exists in equilibrium with aqueous ammonia.

S²- (aq) + NH₄+ (aq) ⇌ SH- (aq) + NH₃ (aq)

Aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfide are smelly due to the release of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, hence, their use in making stink bombs.

2. The reaction between aluminium nitrate and sodium phosphatein aqueous solution is a double decomposition reaction whish results in the precipitation of insoluble aluminium phosphate. The equation of the reaction is given below :

Al(NO₃)₃ (aq) + Na₃PO₄ (aq) ----> AlPO₄ (s) + 3 NaNO₃ (aq)

The net ionic equation is given below:

Al³+ (aq) + PO₄³+ (aq) ----> AlPO₄ (s)

Answer:

After 36 minutes, there will be a population of 800,000 bacteria.

Explanation:

After the first 18 minutes, it will double to 400,000. Then, at 36 minutes, it will have doubled again, giving you 800,000.

At 25 ∘C, the calculated value of ΔG∘ for the reaction 3H2(g) + Fe2O3(s) -> 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) is 138.4 kJ/mol. Since ΔG∘ is positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous under standard conditions at this temperature. A positive ΔG∘ indicates that the reaction requires energy input to occur.

To calculate ΔG∘ at 25 ∘C for the reaction 3H2(g) + Fe2O3(s) -> 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) using standard free energies of formation, we need to subtract the sum of the standard free energies of formation of the reactants from the sum of the standard free energies of formation of the products.

The standard free energies of formation for the given compounds at 25 ∘C can be looked up in reference tables. The values are as follows:

ΔG∘f(H2(g)) = 0 kJ/mol

ΔG∘f(Fe2O3(s)) = -824.2 kJ/mol

ΔG∘f(Fe(s)) = 0 kJ/mol

ΔG∘f(H2O(g)) = -228.6 kJ/mol

Using these values, we can calculate ΔG∘ for the reaction:

ΔG∘ = (2 * ΔG∘f(Fe(s)) + 3 * ΔG∘f(H2O(g))) - (3 * ΔG∘f(H2(g)) + ΔG∘f(Fe2O3(s)))

ΔG∘ = (2 * 0 kJ/mol + 3 * (-228.6 kJ/mol)) - (3 * 0 kJ/mol + (-824.2 kJ/mol))

ΔG∘ = -685.8 kJ/mol + 824.2 kJ/mol

ΔG∘ = 138.4 kJ/mol

At 25 ∘C, the calculated value of ΔG∘ for the reaction 3H2(g) + Fe2O3(s) -> 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) is 138.4 kJ/mol. Since ΔG∘ is positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous under standard conditions at this temperature. A positive ΔG∘ indicates that the reaction requires energy input to occur.

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Answer:

Calorie

Explanation:

This can mesure thermal energy

The relationship between temperature and flux in a carrier ionophore is generally described by the Arrhenius equation, which relates the rate of a chemical reaction to temperature.

In the context of ionophores, which are molecules that facilitate the transport of ions across cell membranes, the flux refers to the rate or magnitude of ion transport.

According to the Arrhenius equation, the rate of a reaction or flux is exponentially dependent on temperature. The equation is typically represented as:

k = A * exp(-Ea / (RT))

In this equation, k represents the rate constant or flux, A is the pre-exponential factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

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The pH of a buffered solution will begin to change significantly when the concentration of added strong acid or base is greater than the capacity of the buffer.

This capacity is determined by the buffer's concentration and the dissociation constant of its acid-base pair.

When a buffered solution is subjected to small amounts of strong acid or base, it should retain its pH value because the buffer will react with the added ions to produce an excess of weak acid or base ions, keeping the pH constant.

As the concentration of strong acid or base added to the solution increases, however, the capacity of the buffer is eventually exceeded, and the pH of the solution will change significantly.

The capacity of a buffer depends on its concentration and on the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of the weak acid component and the base dissociation constant (Kb) of the weak base component.

This can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA])where pH is the pH of the buffer solution, pKa is the dissociation constant of the weak acid component, [A-] is the concentration of the weak base component, and [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid component.

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To calculate the colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), you need to know the volume plated and the number of colonies counted.

In this case, you plated 0.1 mL of urine and observed 279 colonies after incubation.

CFU/mL can be calculated using the following formula:

CFU/mL = (Number of Colonies / Volume Plated) × Dilution Factor

Since you plated 0.1 mL of urine, the volume plated is 0.1 mL. The dilution factor is assumed to be 1 since no dilution was mentioned.

CFU/mL = (279 colonies / 0.1 mL) × 1

= 2790 CFU/mL

So, there are 2790 CFU/mL of urine.

To calculate the CFU per 100 mL, you can use the following formula:

CFU per 100 mL = CFU/mL × Volume

Since you want to calculate the CFU per 100 mL, the volume is 100 mL.

CFU per 100 mL = 2790 CFU/mL × 100 mL

= 279,000 CFU

Therefore, there are 279,000 CFU per 100 mL of urine.

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The mass of H2 needed is approximately 1.09 g.among the given options, the closest value is:C. 1.10 g H2

To determine the mass of H2 needed to react with 8.75 g of O2, we need to use the balanced equation and stoichiometry. The balanced equation is:

[tex]O_2(g) + 2H_2(g)[/tex] → [tex]2H_2O(g)[/tex]

From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of O2 reacts with 2 moles of H2. To calculate the mass of H2, we need to convert the mass of O2 to moles using its molar mass and then use the mole ratio to find the corresponding mass of H2.

1. Calculate the number of moles of O2:

  Moles of O2 = Mass of O2 / Molar mass of O2

The molar mass of O2 is 32 g/mol.

Moles of O2 = 8.75 g / 32 g/mol

2. Use the mole ratio to find the moles of H2:

  Moles of H2 = Moles of O2 × (2 moles H2 / 1 mole O2)

3. Calculate the mass of H2:

  Mass of H2 = Moles of H2 × Molar mass of H2

The molar mass of H2 is 2 g/mol.

Now, let's perform the calculations:

Moles of O2 = 8.75 g / 32 g/mol ≈ 0.2734 mol

Moles of H2 = 0.2734 mol × (2 moles H2 / 1 mole O2) ≈ 0.5468 mol

Mass of H2 = 0.5468 mol × 2 g/mol ≈ 1.0936 g

Rounded to three significant figures, the mass of H2 needed is approximately 1.09 g.Among the given options, the closest value is:

C. 1.10 g H2.

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Answer:

when population increases the amount of carbon dioxide also increases as population use oxygen and release carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas. The increase in the population increases the carbon dioxide amount.

The main product released from the respiratory process of organisms, especially animals is carbon dioxide. The increase in their population will increase this product.

The increased population will increase the demand for the burning of fossil fuel, pollution, and respiration, and hence the product of these activities, carbon dioxide will increase in the atmosphere.

Therefore, the carbon dioxide will increase with an increase in the population.

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Answer: Have a great day!

Explanation: Unlike hard water, soft water is free of harsh minerals that can damage your home and your body. In other words, it is more gentle on your body and your home. Without calcium and magnesium, soft water can prevent scale buildup around your home including your appliances and pipes.

Explanation:

The given chemical equation represents a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species, resulting in changes in the oxidation states of the elements involved. Let's analyze the oxidation states of the elements in this equation:

On the reactant side:

- Aluminum (Al) has an oxidation state of 0 since it is in its elemental form.

- Copper (Cu) in the Cu(NO3)2 compound has an oxidation state of +2.

- Nitrogen (N) in the Cu(NO3)2 compound has an oxidation state of +5.

- Oxygen (O) in the Cu(NO3)2 compound has an oxidation state of -2.

On the product side:

- Copper (Cu) in the Cu(s) has an oxidation state of 0 since it is in its elemental form.

- Aluminum (Al) in the Al(NO3)3 compound has an oxidation state of +3.

- Nitrogen (N) in the Al(NO3)3 compound has an oxidation state of +5.

- Oxygen (O) in the Al(NO3)3 compound has an oxidation state of -2.

By comparing the oxidation states of the elements before and after the reaction, we can observe the following changes:

- Aluminum (Al) undergoes oxidation, as its oxidation state increases from 0 to +3.

- Copper (Cu) undergoes reduction, as its oxidation state decreases from +2 to 0.

Since there is a transfer of electrons from aluminum to copper, this reaction is classified as a redox reaction. Aluminum loses electrons (oxidation) and copper gains those electrons (reduction).

Answer:

are u brocken

Explanation:

If 5.00 mol of hydrogen gas and 1.20 mol of oxygen gas react, the limiting agent is O₂.

The number of moles of water produced according to the equation is 1.20 mol.

To determine the limiting reactant, we need to compare the moles of hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂) and determine which reactant is present in a lower stoichiometric ratio.

From the information, we have:

Moles of H₂ = 5.00 mol

Moles of O₂ = 1.20 mol

The balanced equation for the reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas to form water (H₂O) is:

2H₂(g) + O₂(g) -> 2H₂O(g)

According to the stoichiometry of the balanced equation, the ratio of H₂ to O₂ is 2:1. This means that for every 2 moles of H₂, we need 1 mole of O₂ to completely react.

Calculating the stoichiometric ratio for the given amounts:

Moles of H₂ / Coefficient of H₂ = 5.00 mol / 2 = 2.50 mol

Moles of O₂ / Coefficient of O₂ = 1.20 mol / 1 = 1.20 mol

Comparing the calculated stoichiometric ratios, we see that the mole ratio of H₂ (2.50 mol) is greater than the mole ratio of O₂ (1.20 mol). This means that the H₂ is in excess, and O₂ is the limiting reactant.

Therefore, the limiting reactant is O₂.

To determine the number of moles of water (H₂O) produced according to the balanced equation, we can use the stoichiometry:

For every 2 moles of H₂O, we need 1 mole of O₂. Since O₂ is the limiting reactant, the number of moles of H₂O produced is equal to the moles of O₂:

nH₂O = 1.20 mol

Therefore, the number of moles of water produced according to the equation is 1.20 mol.

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The equilibrium constant (Kc) for the given reaction is approximately 0.475.

In the given reaction: 2A(g) → 2B(g) + C(g), the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants and products provide insight into the equilibrium constant expression. The equilibrium constant (Kc) expression for this reaction is: Kc = ([B]²[C]) / ([A]²)

Given the initial concentration of A as 0.069 M and the equilibrium concentration of A as 0.0276 M, we can substitute these values into the equilibrium constant expression: Kc = ([B]²[C]) / ([A]²) = ([2 * 0.0276]²) / ([0.069]² = 0.475

Therefore, the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the given reaction is approximately 0.475.

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The energy of red light emitted by a neon atom with a wavelength of 703.2 nm is approximately [tex]2.83 * 10^-19 J[/tex]. The correct answer is E.

To calculate the energy of the red light emitted by a neon atom with a wavelength of 703.2 nm, we can use the equation:

[tex]E=\frac{hc}{\lambda}[/tex]

where:

E is the energy,

h is Planck's constant ([tex]6.62607015 * 10^{-34) J.s[/tex]),

c is the speed of light in a vacuum ([tex]2.998 *10^{8} m/s[/tex]),

and [tex]\lambda[/tex] is the wavelength of the light.

Let's substitute the given values into the equation:

[tex]E=\frac{(6.62607015*10^ -34 J.s)(2.998*10^8 m/s)}{703.2*10^-9m}[/tex]

Calculating this expression, we find:

[tex]E=2.83*10^-19 J[/tex]

Therefore, the energy of the red light emitted by a neon atom with a wavelength of 703.2 nm is approximately[tex]2.83 * 10^-19 J.[/tex]

From the options provided, the closest answer is E) [tex]2.83 * 10^-19 J.[/tex]

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The complete question is:

11) Calculate the energy of the red light emitted by a neon atom with a wavelength of 703 2 nm.

A) 3.54 x 10-19)

B) 4.27 x 10-19)

C) 2.34 x 10-19

D) 6,45 x 10-19 J

E) 2.83 x 10-19)

If Ca(ox) precipitate was present in the solution after centrifugation, the result would be artificially low for the percentage mass of Fe.

Centrifugation is a technique used to separate solid particles from a liquid solution. In this case, the Fe(III)-oxalate solution was centrifuged to remove any solid precipitates, ensuring that only the supernatant (liquid portion) was analyzed.

If Ca(ox) precipitate was present in the solution, it would also be pelleted along with the Fe(III) precipitate during centrifugation. To determine the effect on the percentage mass of Fe, we need to consider the calculation used to determine the mass of Fe in the sample.

Assuming the experiment aims to determine the percentage mass of Fe in the Fe(III)-oxalate solution, the typical calculation involves measuring the mass of the Fe precipitate after it is dried and then dividing it by the initial mass of the sample.

Let's say the initial mass of the sample is M and the mass of the Fe precipitate obtained after drying is m(Fe). The percentage mass of Fe would be calculated as:

% mass of Fe = (m(Fe) / M) * 100

However, if Ca(ox) precipitate is present in the solution, it would contribute to the mass of the obtained precipitate. This would result in an artificially low measurement of the mass of Fe precipitate and, consequently, a lower percentage mass of Fe in the calculation.

If Ca(ox) precipitate is present in the Fe(III)-oxalate solution after centrifugation, it would lead to an artificially low percentage mass of Fe. The presence of Ca(ox) would contribute to the mass of the obtained precipitate, reducing the measured mass of Fe and affecting the overall calculation.

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The partial pressure inside a gas mixture shall consist of the notional pressure of that constituent gas if the whole quantity of its starting material alone was occupied at the same temperature. The partial gas pressure is a measure of thermodynamic action in the particles of a gas, and the calculation can be defined as follows:

Given:

[tex]\to \bold{ P_T=3.50 \ atm}\\\\\to \bold{P_B=1.25 \ atm}\\\\[/tex]

To find:

partial pressure=?

Solution:

Using formula: [tex]\bold{P_T=P_A+P_B}\\\\[/tex]

                   [tex]\to \bold{3.50=P_A+1.25}\\\\\to \bold{P_A=3.50-1.25}\\\\\to \bold{P_A=2.25}\\\\[/tex]

As we know that pressure is not negative and as [tex]\bold{P_T}[/tex] is total pressure so, it has a large value, and[tex]\bold{ P_A , P_B}[/tex] is partial.

Therefore, the final answer is "Option C".

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