Answer:
Protons / H+ ions
Explanation:
The acids are compounds with a pH range between 1-7, while the base has a pH range of 7-14. Acids produce hydrogen ions or protons in the solution.
What is pH?The pH can be defined as the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution. The higher the proton concentration in the solution, the lower will be the pH.
The pH of 7 has an equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions contributing to the neutral pH. The alkaline pH is contributed by the hydroxide ion concentration.
The acids fall at the lower pH range with a high hydrogen ion concentration. Thus, acids produce hydrogen ions or protons in the aqueous solution.
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NOTE: This is a multi-part question. Once an answer is submitted, you will be unable to return to this part Let S be a set with n elements and let a and b be distinct elements of S. How many relations Rare there on S such that 2 no ordered pair in R has aas its first element or bas its second element (You must provide an answer before moving to the next part) 2(n=1)2 2n2 2n2-2no 2(n+1)2.
The number of such relations will be 2n - 2. Hence, the correct option is 2n - 2.
a and b are distinct elements of S. We need to find out how many relations R are there on S such that no ordered pair in R has a as its first element or b as its second element.So, the number of relations R on S such that no ordered pair in R has a as its first element or b as its second element is:2n - 2Note: There are n2 ordered pairs in S × S and out of them, n pairs have the first element a and n pairs have the second element b. These n + n ordered pairs must not be present in R, reducing the number of ordered pairs that may or may not be present in R by 2n. Therefore, the number of such relations will be 2n - 2. Hence, the correct option is 2n - 2.
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What experimental evidence led Rutherford to conclude the following: (a) The nucleus of the atom contains most of the atomic mass. The nucleus of the atom contains most of the mass since only a collision with a very dense, massive object would cause an alpha particle to be the source. (b) The nucleus of the atom is positively charged. The positive alpha particles their initial flight indicating that the nucleus of the atom is also positively charged. (c) The atom consists of mostly empty space. Most alpha particles pass through the gold foil leading to the conclusion that the atom is mostly empty space.
Answer:
See Explanation
Explanation:
The experiment of Ernest Rutherford involved the bombardment of a thin gold foil with alpha particles from a radioactive source. A zinc sulphide screen was used to follow the movement of the alpha particles.
It was discovered that most of the alpha particles followed a straight path through the gold foil. Some of them were scattered through large angles and few were even scattered in the backward direction.
Since alpha particles were heavier than electrons, they must have been deflected by very strong forces.
These experimental evidences led to the conclusions stated in the question.
This is my 6th time posting this questions. please not bots or links
and please *explain* the answer and steps
I really need help understanding this.
describe the process to determine the limiting reactant in the example listed below:
Given 3.4 grams of x element with a molar mass of 24 g/mol and 4.2 grams of y element with a molar mass of 35 g/mol. How much of compound xy2 can be generated?
x + 2y -> xy2
The amount of the compound [tex]XY_2[/tex] that can be generated would be 11.28 grams
Stoichiometric calculationFrom the equation of the reaction, the mole ratio of X and Y is 1:1.
Mole of 3.5 grams of X = 3.4/24 = 0.1417 moles
Mole of 4.2 grams of Y = 4.2/35 = 0.12 moles
Thus, Y is the limiting reactant because it is present in a lower amount than needed.
Mole ratio of Y and [tex]XY_2[/tex] = 1:1
Equivalent mole of [tex]XY_2[/tex] = 0.12 moles
Molar mass of [tex]XY_2[/tex] = 24 + (35x2) = 94 g/mol
Mass of 0.12 moles of [tex]XY_2[/tex] = 0.12 x 94 = 11.28 grams
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cells in animals and plants use the ___ that plants put in the air
Answer:
oxygen
Explanation:
plants and animals use oxygen
Nitrogen is used to keep food frozen during transportation.
Which properties make it suitable for this?
Answer:
Gaseous nitrogen has unique chemical and physical properties that make it suitable for use in food processing. Nitrogen is inert which means it will not react with prepared food materials, which can alter their aromas or flavors. Also, gaseous nitrogen will effectively displace oxygen minimizing oxidation and the growth of microorganisms that cause foods to lose their freshness and deteriorate faster.
Explanation:
Source: https://www.generon.com/using-nitrogen-gas-in-food-packaging/
"Because it deflects oxygen, nitrogen is just a common gas for food packing." Because oxygen will carry moisture, this is critical. Bacteria use oxygen to grow and survive on organic matter. Bacteria find it much harder to develop while as much oxygen as possible is removed.
What is food packing?Food packaging is the process of packaging food. A package provides security, resistance to manipulation, and particular physical, chemical, and even biological requirements. Food packaging may include a nutrition label and other information about the product being sold.
What is bacteria?Bacteria are commonly found, mostly free-living organisms with one biological cell. They belong to the prokaryotic organisms category. Bacteria, which have been typically a few micrometers long, were one of the first living species to originate on Earth and may be found in practically every ecosystem.
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.A highly positive charged protein will bind a cation exchanger and elute of with a high salt buffer.
True or False?
The given statement "A highly positive charged protein will bind a cation exchanger and elute of with a high salt buffer" is true.
A cation exchanger is an adsorbent that is used to extract charged molecules from a solution and purify them. This adsorbent binds to molecules that are charged positively because it bears a negative charge. The cation exchanger is typically a negatively charged polymer that is insoluble in water and which is a negatively charged polymer. The cation exchanger will bind positively charged protein molecules in a similar manner. Cation exchange chromatography is a type of chromatography that separates molecules based on their charge. The cation exchanger is an example of a stationary phase in cation exchange chromatography. Proteins with positive charges will stick to the stationary phase, and they will elute when a high salt buffer is passed through the column to compete for the binding sites on the stationary phase.
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at a particular temperature, the solubility of h₂ in water is 0.0200 m when the partial pressure is 0.0900 atm. what will the solubility (in m) be when the partial pressure of h₂ is 1.54 atm?
At a particular temperature, the solubility of H2 in water is 0.0200 M when the partial pressure is 0.0900 atm. To determine the solubility (in M) when the partial pressure of H2 is 1.54 atm, we can use Henry's law, which states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. By applying this law, we can set up a proportion to find the solubility at the given partial pressure.
According to Henry's law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. Mathematically, this can be expressed as:
Solubility = k * Partial pressure
Here, k represents the proportionality constant.
Using the given information, we have the solubility of H2 as 0.0200 M when the partial pressure is 0.0900 atm. Let's assume k as the proportionality constant. We can set up a proportion using the solubility and partial pressure values:
0.0200 M / 0.0900 atm = k * (1.54 atm)
Solving for k, we find:
k = (0.0200 M / 0.0900 atm) / (1.54 atm) = 0.0143 M/atm
Now, we can use the proportionality constant to determine the solubility at the given partial pressure of 1.54 atm:
Solubility = k * Partial pressure = 0.0143 M/atm * 1.54 atm = 0.022 M
Therefore, the solubility of H2 in water will be approximately 0.022 M when the partial pressure of H2 is 1.54 atm.
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Be sure to answer all parts. Radon (Rn) is the heaviest and the only radioactive member of Group 8A(18), the noble gases. It is a product of the disintegration of heavier radioactive nuclei found in minute concentrations in many common rocks used for building and construction. In recent years, health concerns about the cancers caused from inhaled residential radon have grown. If 1. 00 × 1015 atoms of radium (Ra) produce an average of 1. 373 × 104 atoms of Rn per second, how many liters of Rn, measured at STP, are produced per day by 1. 08 g of Ra?
The final answer is 1.8 × 102 L of Rn, measured at STP, are produced per day by 1.08 g of Ra.
In order to determine the amount of radon that is produced per day by 1.08 g of Ra, it is essential to calculate the number of Rn atoms that are produced per second.
In the given question, it is known that 1.00 × 1015 atoms of radium produce an average of 1.373 × 104 atoms of Rn per second.
Therefore, we can use this ratio to calculate the number of Rn atoms that are produced per day by 1.08 g of Ra. Once we know the number of Rn atoms produced per day, we can calculate the volume of Rn produced by using the ideal gas law.
The final answer is 1.8 × 102 L of Rn, measured at STP, are produced per day by 1.08 g of Ra.
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living things are classified into groups based on similar characteristics which of the following best represents how plants are classified
A. vertebrates and invertebrates
B.Vascular and nonvascular
C. Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
D.Producer, Consumer, and Decomposer
Pretty sure the answer is D.
in the circular flow diagram, what do firms provide to product markets?
In the circular flow diagram, firms provide goods and services to product markets.
A circular flow diagram is a simplified economic model that demonstrates how money, goods, and services flow between households and firms in an economy. This diagram is divided into two markets: the product market and the factor market. The factor market deals with inputs such as labor, capital, and raw materials, while the product market deals with outputs such as goods and services.What do firms provide to product markets?Firms are companies or businesses that generate goods or services. In the circular flow diagram, firms produce goods and services that are sold in the product market. Firms sell products to product markets. This process generates revenue for the firms, which they utilize to pay for inputs such as labor and raw materials.
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A sheet of glass has n_red =1.52 and n_violet =1.55. A narrow beam of white light is incident on the glass at 28.0 (degrees)
What is the angular spread of the light inside the glass?
Please show work I am down to my last try
I will rate 5 stars for all the work and hopefully correct answer
The angular spread of the light inside the glass is 132.4° for red light and 132.2° for violet light.
Given data: Red light n_red =1.52Violet light n_violet =1.55. Incident angle i = 28°To find: The angular spread of the light inside the glass.
Solution: The angle of incidence i = 28°The angle of refraction r can be calculated using Snell's law:µ1 sin i = µ2 sin where µ1 is the refractive index of the incident medium (air), µ2 is the refractive index of the refracting medium (glass), i is the angle of incidence, and r is the angle of refraction. For red light,µ1 = 1.0003 and µ2 = 1.52For violet light,µ1 = 1.0003 and µ2 = 1.55.
The angle of refraction can be calculated as follows: Red light: sin r = µ1/µ2 sin i= 1.0003/1.52 × sin 28°= 0.3736r = sin–1 (0.3736) = 22.31°Violet light: sin r = µ1/µ2 sin i= 1.0003/1.55 × sin 28°= 0.3863r = sin–1 (0.3863) = 22.93°The angle of deviation δ for a prism is given by:δ = (µ − 1)A. where µ is the refractive index of the prism and A is the angle of the prism. From the geometry of the prism, the angle of deviation can be related to the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction by the formula:δ = I + r – A where A is the apex angle of the prism.
Since the angle of deviation for red and violet light is the same, we can equate the two expressions for δ to obtain: I + r – A = i’ + r’ – A where i’ and r’ are the angles of incidence and refraction for violet light. Subtracting I + r = i’ + r’ from the above equation, we get: A = (i’ – i) + (r’ – r)Let the angular spread of the light inside the glass be θ. Then,θ = A/2= [(i’ – i) + (r’ – r)]/2For red light: i’ = 180° – 22.31° = 157.69°r’ = 180° – sin–1 (sin r/µ1) = 180° – sin–1 (0.2617/1.0003) = 157.45°θ = [(157.69° – 28.00°) + (157.45° – 22.31°)]/2= 132.41°For violet light: i’ = 180° – 22.93° = 157.07°r’ = 180° – sin–1 (sin r/µ1) = 180° – sin–1 (0.2491/1.0003) = 157.24°θ = [(157.07° – 28.00°) + (157.24° – 22.93°)]/2= 132.19°
Therefore, the angular spread of the light inside the glass is 132.4° for red light and 132.2° for violet light.
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which statement best describes the importance of chemical equations while solving stoichiometry problems?
Answer:
a
Explanation:
A balanced chemical equation shows reacting ratios of all substances involved in reaction in terms of grams which is important while solving stoichiometry problems.
What is chemical equation?Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .
The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.
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give the orbital configuration of the following elements using the s, p, d, f type representation. (answer format is: 1se2 = 1s 2 ) helium, nitrogen, silicon helium nitrogen silicon
These orbital configurations represent the arrangement of electrons within the different energy levels and subshells of the respective elements.
The orbital configurations of the given elements are as follows:
Helium: 1s² - Helium has two electrons that occupy the 1s orbital.
Nitrogen: 1s² 2s² 2p³ - Nitrogen has two electrons in the 1s orbital, two electrons in the 2s orbital, and three electrons in the 2p orbital (specifically, 2p³ indicates three electrons in the 2p subshell).
Silicon: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p² - Silicon has two electrons in the 1s orbital, two electrons in the 2s orbital, six electrons in the 2p orbital, two electrons in the 3s orbital, and two electrons in the 3p orbital (specifically, 3p² indicates two electrons in the 3p subshell).
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Please help
urgently!
1. We can see here that energy is required to change the phase of matter. For example, energy is required to melt ice, vaporize water, and condense steam. The amount of energy required to change the phase of matter is called the latent heat.
What is energy?Energy is a fundamental concept in physics and refers to the ability or capacity of a system to do work or produce a change.
2. The demonstration on the sample of water showed that water can exist in three phases: solid, liquid, and gas. The solid phase is ice, the liquid phase is water, and the gas phase is steam.
The demonstration started with ice at 0°C. As heat was added to the ice, the temperature of the ice increased. However, the ice did not melt until the temperature reached 0°C. This is because the energy from the heat was used to break the bonds between the water molecules in the ice. Once the bonds were broken, the ice melted and became water.
3. Completing the
When all the intermolecular bonds are overcome, the transition between phases is complete. The energy of any substance includes the kinetic energy, potential energy, and thermal energy of its particles.Page 4:
Heating and cooling curves are graphical representations of how temperature changes during the process of heating or cooling a substance. They illustrate the relationship between temperature and the state of matter.
Heating curves represent the temperature changes of a substance as it is heated.Cooling curves, on the other hand, represent the temperature changes of a substance as it is cooled.Both curves show:
Plateaus or flat sections: These occur during phase transitions where the temperature remains constant despite the addition or removal of heat.Changes in slope: The slope of the curve represents the rate of temperature change. Steeper slopes indicate faster changes in temperature, while shallower slopes indicate slower changes.Learn more about energy on https://brainly.com/question/2003548
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What types of elements [metals/nonmetals] are found in each of the compounds?
Not a simple answer please
Explanation:
List of All Elements That Are Nonmetals
Hydrogen (sometimes)
Carbon.
Nitrogen.
Oxygen.
Phosphorus.
Sulfur.
Metals:-
Gold.
Silver.
Iron.
Copper.
Nickel.
Aluminum.
Mercury( Liquid metal)
Titanium.
Fluorine.
given that the ksp value for mgso3 is 5.5×10−21, if the concentration of mg2 in solution is 8.9×10−11 m, the concentration of so2−3 must exceed _____ to generate a precipitate.
After considering the given data we conclude that the concentration of [tex]SO_3^2^-[/tex]must exceed [tex]6.18*10^{-11} M[/tex] to generate a precipitate of [tex]MgSO_3[/tex].
To describe the concentration of [tex]SO_3^{2-}[/tex]required to generate a precipitate of [tex]MgSO_3[/tex], we can apply the following steps:
State the balanced chemical equation for the dissolution of [tex]MgSO_3[/tex] in water.
[tex]MgSO_3(s)--- > Mg_2+(aq) + SO_3^{2-} (aq)[/tex]
Write the equation for the solubility product constant, Ksp, for [tex]MgSO_3[/tex].
[tex]Ksp = [Mg^{2+} ][SO3^{2-} ][/tex]
Stage the given concentration of [tex]Mg^{2+}[/tex] into the expression for Ksp.
[tex]Ksp = (8.9*10^{-11} M)(x)[/tex]
Here,
x = concentration of [tex]SO_3^{2-}[/tex]required to reach the saturation point and generate a precipitate.
Stage the given value of Ksp into the expression for Ksp.
Evaluate for x.
[tex]x = Ksp/[Mg^{2+} ] = (5.5*10^{-21})/(8.9*10^{-11} M) = 6.18*10^{-11 }M[/tex]
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In balancing the nuclear reaction (238)U-->23490 E +42 He, the identity of element E is
a. Pu.
b. Np.
c. U.
d. Pa.
e. Th.
the identity of element E in the nuclear reaction (238)U --> (234)E + (4)He is thorium (Th).
What is Nuclear Reaction?
A nuclear reaction is one in which the nucleus of an atom is transformed into the nucleus of one or more daughter nuclei. This differs from a a chemical reaction in which atoms are changed from one form to another.
To identify the element E in the nuclear reaction (238)U --> (234)E + (4)He, we need to consider the conservation of mass number and atomic number.
In the given reaction, the mass number is conserved, as 238 = 234 + 4. This indicates that the total mass on the left side (238) is equal to the total mass on the right side (234 + 4).
Next, we consider the atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. In the reaction, uranium (U) has an atomic number of 92. Since helium (He) has an atomic number of 2, the sum of the atomic numbers on the right side should be equal to the atomic number on the left side.
92 (atomic number of U) = atomic number of E + 2
Solving this equation, we find:
atomic number of E = 92 - 2 = 90
The element with atomic number 90 is thorium (Th).
Therefore, the identity of element E in the nuclear reaction (238)U --> (234)E + (4)He is thorium (Th).
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which of the nonessential amino acids use glutamate as an intermediate in their synthesis in humans?
a. tyrosine
b. serine
c. aspartate
d. alanine
The nonessential amino acid which uses glutamate as an intermediate in its synthesis in humans is the alanine. Alanine is a non-essential amino acid because it can be synthesized in the body by reusing amino groups from other amino acids through the process of transamination.
Glutamate is a key amino acid that plays a crucial role in human metabolism, being involved in the biosynthesis of several amino acids including alanine. The synthesis of alanine from glutamate happens via transamination, a reaction that involves the transfer of the amino group of one molecule to another molecule that accepts it. The enzyme responsible for this reaction is called alanine transaminase or ALT and is found in the liver and muscle tissues. In the liver, the alanine that is produced can be released into the bloodstream and transported to other tissues where it can be used as a source of energy or for the synthesis of proteins.
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What happens to an electromagnetic wave as the
frequency (how often a wave hits a crest) decreases?
energy decreases and the wavelength gets shorter
energy increases and the wavelength gets shorter
|
energy decreases and wavelength gets longer
energy increases and the wavelength gets longer
Answer:
Energy decreases and wavelength gets longer.
Explanation:
The energy of a wave is given by :
[tex]E=hf[/tex]
Where
h is Planck's constant
f is the frequency of the wave
As frequency decreases, the energy of the wave also decreases and wavelength gets longer. Hence, the option is (d).
calculate the ph of a solution that is 0.16 m nh3 and 0.22 m nh4cl kb = 1.79x10-5
We can use the concentration of OH- to calculate the pH of the solution. pOH = -log [OH-]= -log (5.87 × 10^-4)= 3.23pH + pOH = 14pH = 14 - 3.23= 10.77. Therefore, the pH of the solution is 10.77.
To calculate the pH of a solution that is 0.16 M NH3 and 0.22 M NH4Cl, we need to use the Kb expression of NH3.Kb = [NH4+][OH-]/[NH3]. The reaction between NH3 and H2O produces NH4+ and OH-.NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-In this reaction, one NH3 molecule produces one NH4+ ion and one OH- ion, so the concentration of OH- will be equal to the concentration of NH4+.
Therefore,[NH4+] = 0.22 M[OH-] = 0.22 M. We know that the concentration of NH3 is 0.16 M. To calculate the concentration of OH-, we can use the Kb expression. Kb = [NH4+][OH-]/[NH3]1.79 × 10^-5 = (0.22) (0.22)/0.16[OH-] = 5.87 × 10^-4 M. Now, we can use the concentration of OH- to calculate the pH of the solution. pOH = -log [OH-]= -log (5.87 × 10^-4)= 3.23pH + pOH = 14pH = 14 - 3.23= 10.77. Therefore, the pH of the solution is 10.77.
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Atoms have no overall charge. Describe what this means about the number of protons and electrons they contain
I need help please!!
Answer:
BECAUSE OF DENSITY
Explanation:
Answer:
It's DENSITY
Explanation:
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Highlighting that a prescription drug as a 90% success rate, rather than a 10% chance of death, is an example of this type of bias Escalation of Commitment Availability heuristic Representative heuristic Framing
We can see here that highlighting that a prescription drug as a 90% success rate, rather than a 10% chance of death, is an example of framing bias.
What is prescription drug?A prescription drug, also known as a prescription medication or prescription medicine, is a pharmaceutical drug that requires a valid prescription from a licensed healthcare professional, such as a physician, nurse practitioner, or dentist, to obtain and use.
Prescription drugs are different from over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, which can be purchased without a prescription.
Framing bias is a type of cognitive bias that occurs when people make decisions based on how a problem is presented to them, rather than on the actual information that is presented.
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what is the applications of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions have various applications in organic chemistry. They are commonly used to introduce functional groups onto aromatic rings, synthesize pharmaceuticals, produce dyes, and create complex organic molecules.
In organic chemistry, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are crucial tools for attaching new functional groups to aromatic rings. In these reactions, an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on an aromatic molecule. The end output can be used in a variety of different sectors.
Pharmaceutical synthesis is one area in which electrophilic aromatic substitution is used. Chemists can change the solubility, reactivity, and bioavailability of medicinal compounds by selectively adding functional groups to aromatic rings. This enables the creation of fresh medication candidates or the advancement of current ones.
The manufacture of dyes is an additional use. Due to their conjugated systems, aromatic compounds with particular functional groups can display bright hues. Colorful dyes used in textiles, inks, and other industries are produced through the introduction of chromophores onto aromatic rings using electrophilic aromatic substitution processes.
Additionally, it is essential for the synthesis of complex organic compounds to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution processes. Chemists can create complex chemical structures with particular functions by carefully swapping various locations on an aromatic ring. This makes it possible to synthesize natural substances, sophisticated compounds, and materials with specific qualities.
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What must be done to calculate the enthalpy of reaction? Check all that apply.
a. The first equation must be halved.
b. The first equation must be reversed.
c. The second equation must be halved.
d. The second equation must be reversed.
e. The third equation must be halved.
f. The third equation must be reversed.
To calculate the enthalpy of the reaction, c. The second equation must be halved, d. The second equation must be reversed. and e. The third equation must be halved.
What is the enthalpy of the reaction?The enthalpy of the reaction is the sum of internal energy in a system, in this case of the total energy of the reaction under constant conditions.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the enthalpy of the reaction is the sum of energy, which obeys a series of laws such as described above.
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The decomposition of N2O5 in a solution of carbon tetrachloride occurs as shown in the balanced chemical equation below:
2N2O5 (aq) → 4NO2 (aq) + O2 (aq)
This reaction is a first-order process with a rate constant of 4.82 x 10-3 s-1. If the initial concentration of N2O5 is 0.150 M, how much N2O5 will remain after 300.0 seconds?
a. 0.0353 M
b. 0.0553 M
c. 0.0762 M
d. 5.00 x 10-4 M
e. 0.104 M
Therefore, after 300.0 seconds, approximately 0.0553 M of N₂O₅ will remain. The correct answer is option b: 0.0553 M.
To determine how much N2O5 will remain after 300.0 seconds, we can use the first-order rate equation:
ln(N₂O₅t/N₂O₅₀) = -kt
Where N₂O₅t is the concentration of N₂O₅ at time t, N₂O₅₀ is the initial concentration of N₂O₅, k is the rate constant, and t is the time.
Substituting the given values:
N₂O₅t = N₂O₅₀ ₓ e^(-kt)
N₂O₅t = 0.150 M * e^(-4.82 x 10⁻³ s⁻¹ ˣ 300.0 s)
N₂O₅t ≈ 0.0553 M
Therefore, after 300.0 seconds, approximately 0.0553 M of N₂O₅ will remain.
The correct answer is option b: 0.0553 M.
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how to obtain pure aluminium oxide from sodium aluminate. pls help.
Answer:
By Bayer process.
Explanation:
In the Bayer process, bauxite ore is heated in a pressure vessel along with a sodium hydroxide solution (caustic soda) at a temperature of 150 to 200 °C. At these temperatures, the aluminium is dissolved as sodium aluminate (primarily [Al(OH)4]−) in an extraction process.
Calculate the expected initial pH for Buffer 1 and for Buffer 2. Buffer 1: Add 15 mL of 0.10 M HC2H2O2 to a 25 mL volumetric flask using the syringe. Rinse the syringe with water. Add 10 mL of 0.10 NaC2H2O2 to the same volumetric flask using the syringe. Buffer 2: Add 10 mL of 0.50 M HC2H302 to a 25 mL volumetric flask using the syringe. Rinse the syringe with water. Add 15 mL of 0.50 M NaC2H2O2 to the same volumetric flask using the syringe.
The expected initial pH for Buffer 1 and Buffer 2 is 4.54 and 4.94 respectively.
Buffer 1 is made of Acetate buffer and buffer 2 is made of Acetate buffer as well. We know the volume and concentration of the acid and salt in both buffers. The expected initial pH of Buffer 1 and Buffer 2 can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is given as: pH = pKa + log {[A-]/[HA]}where[A-] is the concentration of the salt (NaC2H2O2),[HA] is the concentration of the acid (HC2H2O2),pKa is the acid dissociation constant of the acid (HC2H2O2).
Buffer 1: HC2H2O2 + H2O ⇔ C2H2O2- + H3O+No. of moles of HC2H2O2 = 0.10 M x 0.015 L = 0.0015 mol. No. of moles of NaC2H2O2 = 0.10 M x 0.01 L = 0.001 mol. Total volume = 0.015 L + 0.01 L = 0.025 L[HA] = 0.0015 mol/ 0.025 L = 0.06 M[A-] = 0.001 mol/0.025 L = 0.04 M. The pKa for HC2H2O2 is 4.76pH = 4.76 + log {[0.04]/[0.06]}= 4.76 - 0.22 = 4.54Thus, the expected initial pH for Buffer 1 is 4.54.
Buffer 2: HC2H302 + H2O ⇔ C2H3O2- + H3O+No. of moles of HC2H302 = 0.50 M x 0.01 L = 0.005 molNo. of moles of NaC2H2O2 = 0.50 M x 0.015 L = 0.0075 mol. Total volume = 0.01 L + 0.015 L = 0.025 L[HA] = 0.005 mol/ 0.025 L = 0.20 M[A-] = 0.0075 mol/0.025 L = 0.30 M. The pKa for HC2H302 is 4.76pH = 4.76 + log {[0.30]/[0.20]}= 4.76 + 0.18 = 4.94Thus, the expected initial pH for Buffer 2 is 4.94.
Therefore, the expected initial pH for Buffer 1 and Buffer 2 is 4.54 and 4.94 respectively.
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These energy sources are called ______________fuels and they are _____________________ resources.
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Most of the world’s energy comes from what three sources?
Oil, coal, and gas.
These energy sources are called fossil fuels and they are non-renewable resources.
Fuel type: oil
How it's formed: from the remains of ancient marine organisms
Its uses: transportation, industrial power, heating and lighting, lubricants, petrochemical industry, and use of by-products
Fule type: coal
How it's formed: when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial
Its uses: electricity generation, metal production, cement production, chemical production, gasification, and other industrial uses
Fuel type: gas
How it's formed: decomposed organic matter mixed with mud, silt, and sand on the seafloor
Its uses: heating & cooling buildings, cooking foods, fueling vehicles, and electricity generation