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The Human Body in Space

NASA monitors the bodies of animals and humans to see how they react to extended periods in space. When the body is in space, it no longer has the strong pull of Earth’s gravity on it. Because the body’s systems normally function in the presence of gravity, NASA has been studying the effects of weightlessness on the body.

Weightlessness Takes a Toll

On Earth, the heart naturally pumps blood more forcefully to the upper body than to the lower body, where gravity helps the blood flow down. In space, the heart continues to pump the blood more forcefully to the upper body, but the balancing force of gravity does not pull the blood to the lower body. This uneven blood flow causes astronauts’ faces to become puffy and their lower bodies to become thin.
The shape of the spine also changes in space. Without the force of gravity pushing the vertebrae closer together, the spine stretches out and causes pain in some cases.
Another system affected in space is the body’s balancing system. To balance itself, the brain acquires information from the eyes, muscles and tendons, and a set of sensors (called the vestibular apparatus) in the inner ear. In space, the only balancing information that can be relied on enters through the eyes, so astronauts have difficulty moving around.
The most serious problem for astronauts, however, is bone loss. In space, the bones lose minerals, such as calcium, potassium, and sodium. The bone loss in the legs can be as high as ten percent, and even exercise does not completely solve the problem.

Laboratory in Space

With the completion of the International Space Station (ISS), NASA will be able to study some of the effects of long-term exposure to weightlessness. NASA also plans to expand its studies to better understand how the immune system is affected and how radiation, which is much greater in space,
affects humans. Radiation can pose serious health threats, including cancer and neurological damage.
Because people working together on the ISS will be in small spaces for long periods of time, NASA also plans to study how working in confined spaces affects astronauts’ personalities.

Infer What does NASA expect to gain by studying the effects of long-term space travel on the human body?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Knowledge gained during the early years of human spaceflight indicated an adaptation to the new environment. While the empirical evidence was limited, the biomedical data indicated that microgravity alters the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and neurosensory systems.


Related Questions

Complete the sentence below by selecting the correct words from the drop-down menus.
Factors that affect natural selection include VARIATIONS or SIMILARITIES, UNDERPOPULATION or OVERPOPULATION, and ADAPTION or EXTINCTION.

Answers

Answer:

variation, overpopulation, and adaptation

Explanation:

those are the answers for edge

Answer:

Complete the sentence below by selecting the correct words from the drop-down menus.

Factors that affect natural selection include

✔ variation

,

✔ overpopulation

, and

✔ adaptation

.

Explanation:

Evaluate the use of stem cells from a patients own bone marrow instead of stem cells from an embryo. You must give a conclusion.

Answers

Answer:

The stem cells are the special cells that can develop into different types of specialized cells. There are two major stem cells in the body. The one is an embryonic stem cell that presents in the initial divided few cells that have the ability to develop into any type of specialized cells.

The other one is adult stem cells such as Bone marrow that contains two types of stem cells: hemopoietic which has the ability to produce all three types of cells, and stromal that able to produce special muscles and bones due to their limited ability to develop specialized cells or multipotent.

Thus, embryonic stem cells are more useful than adult stem cells.

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Answers

Answer: I believe the answer would be 2

Explanation:

The answer is c skskksksks

Sperm cells swim through liquid. Explain how a sperm cell is adapted to reduce friction as it swims.

Answers

Answer:

Long tail and narrow head.

Explanation:

A sperm cell is adapted to reduce friction as it swims by having long head, narrow tail and enzymes. These features of sperm provides ability to swim straight to the egg cell. Long tail helps the sperm cell to swim towards the egg cell, narrow head of sperm cell make the sperm cell for faster swimming towards the egg cell and enzymes present in the head of the sperm helps break through the egg cell membrane so we can say that the long tail and narrow head of sperm cells helps in faster swimming.

Many organizations release indexes used to measure the development of the world's countries. As we learned in this lesson, these indexes measure many factors, from life expectancy to happiness. In your opinion, what are the three most important factors we can use to determine how developed a country might be? Explain your answers in a few sentences. << Read Less

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is -  GDP nominal, human resources and right, and GDP per capita.

Explanation:

The three major and most reliable factors about determining the development of a country out of all the indexes are GDP nominal, the human rights index, and the GDP per capita.

The economy and production of a country can be shown by the GDP nominal if it is showing progress or declines.

The Average income of the citizen of the country is exhibited by GDP per capita to examine if the wealth of the country shares that gives an idea about rich, poor or the middle class.

The human rights index defines the basics of life expectancy and the rights they have that decides the happiness.

Edwin Hubble was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in collecting evidence to support the theory that the universe is constantly expanding outward and is not simply static. He used light from distance stars to calculate their movement.

Meanwhile, around this same period of time, a Russian physicist by the name of Mikhail Lomonosov worked tirelessly in his lab studying different chemical reactions. Lomonosov would later help in developing the Law of Mass Conservation which states that during a chemical reaction the total mass of the substances before the reaction is equal to the total mass after the chemical reaction.

How are the methods used in the pursuit of a scientific explanation different between Edwin Hubble and Mikhail Lomonosov?


A) Edwin Hubble carefully identified and manipulated variables to answer questions; Mikhail Lomonosov made observations about the natural world.

B) Edwin Hubble made observations about what he studied; Mikhail Lomonosov did not

C) Edwin Hubble and Mikhail Lomonosov both used scientific equipment and collected evidence

D) Edwin Hubble made observations about the natural world; Mikhail Lomonosov carefully identified and manipulated variables to answer questions.

Answers

Answer:

C

Explanation:

These type of questions leave a great deal to be desired. There is no mention of which way Hubble used and manipulated data. He studied the variations in light to determine his conclusions.

Nor is there any mention of what Lomonosov did to come to the conclusion that conservation of mass is a constant.

We don't know what was done to get the results. Hubble was studying the universe; the conclusions made by Lomonosov depended on lab equipment that was very delicate (I'm assuming). I doubt he manipulated variables. He measured what he got.

I think the answer is C, but the question has so many assumptions that it is hard to know what answer to pick.

C. What is the genotype for patchwork fish?
2. What happens if you breed a patchwork fish with a fish that only has Blue Scales
a. What is the probability of having fish with red scales?
b. What is the probability of having fish with patchwork scales
P
R_
B_
BS
_R_
3. Two patchwork fish are crossed. What is the probability that they will have patchwork fish?

Answers

Answer:

c. Bb

2-a. 0%

2b. 50%

3. 50%

Explanation:

Which of the following is something almost everyone can do to reduce his or
her carbon footprint?
O A. Take warmer showers. .
B. Turn off the lights when leaving the room.
O C. Cook with the oven more often.
D. Use the fireplace when a house is cold.
SUBMIT

Answers

The correct answer is letter A


Shaniah has a very high-pitched voice, If she was examined, what would she be
found to have?

Answers

she might have vocal chord paralysis or vocal chord nodules/polyps. it might also be vocal chords being stretched too much and puberty.

Answer:

It would be almost certainly that she has shorter vocal cords

Explanation:

Shorter vocal cords vibrate more quickly in comparison to longer vocal cords, causing a more higher pitched voice.

See also: Higher and lower octaves.

If given the template strand of DNA below, what is the complementary sequence? 5’ A T G T A T G C C A A T G C A 3’

Answers

It would be T A C A T A C G G T T C G T

Which of the following human activities will have the greatest negative impact on the balance of organisms within an ocean ecosystem?
A. mapping of the ocean floor by marine scientists.
B. commercial fishing to provide food for humans
C. recreational boating in rivers, lakes, and streams.
D. monitoring of major global ocean currents

Answers

Answer:

The commercial fishing industry uses large nets to capture fish. Often these nets catch many species of organisms that are not used by humans.

How does wind affect the amount of rain?

Answers

Answer:

please give me brainlist and follow

Explanation:

The rainfall loss rate increases as the wind speed increases and/or the rainfall intensity decreases.

Air Currents

Prevailing winds bring air from one type of climate to another. For example, warm winds that travel over water tend to collect moisture as they travel; the water vapor in the air will condense as it moves into colder climates, which is why temperate coastal areas often receive heavy rainfall.


In what way(s) do we use energy?

A.All answers are correct
B.To make heat
C.To transport ourselves and products
D.To make electricity

Answers

Answer:

A. All answers are correct

A is correct since energy is used for all those things

Answer the following questions:
⦁ What is the purpose/function of the Respiratory System?
⦁ What is the purpose of the tiny hairs called cilia in your nose?
⦁ What are the purposes of the pharynx?
⦁ What is the purpose of the epiglottis?
⦁ How is the respiratory system linked to the cardiovascular system

Answers

Answer:

1. The respiratory system allows us to breathe . They bring oxygen into our body and remove carbon dioxide from the body .

2. Tiny hairs called cilia protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the respiratory tract, filtering out dust and other particles that enter the nose through the breathed air.

3. The throat (pharynx and larynx) is a ring-like muscular tube that acts as the passageway for air, food and liquid. It is located behind the nose and mouth and connects the mouth (oral cavity) and nose to the breathing passages (trachea [windpipe] and lungs) and the esophagus (eating tube).

4. The main function of the epiglottis is to seal off the windpipe during eating, so that food is not accidentally inhaled.

5. The heart pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation and the lungs then give the heart back oxygen rich blood to be transmitted to the whole body

Explanation:

plss mark brainliest

HELP Which of the following is a correctly described example of negative feedback?


A thermostat controls the temperature at random times of the day by producing heat every 2 hours regardless of how warm the room is.


B thermostat turns on and off throughout the day to keep the temperature approximately the same or at a set point.


C thermostat steadily increases the temperature throughout the day.

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

If the blockage is removed from the blood vessel, what will happen to blood flow after removal?

Answers

Answer:

the blood would stop pumping, because the blockage allows the blood to move one way, but when there is not blockage, the blood would enter from both ways making it impossible to regulate

Help me please??????????

Answers

they would have very similar DNA sequence

Answer:

very similar DNA sequence

Explanation:

1. What causes the inside of the cell to be more negative compared to the outside of the cell? Resting Potential, Action Potential

Answers

Answer:

Resting potential

Explanation:

This is because , the resting potential is negative in side of the cell because it has more negative charge inside than outside due to accumulation of alot of sodium and potassium ions. when an axon is at rest in the cell, the anions produce negative charge, the sodium pumps eject sodium out of the cell and potassium is injected in, and the sodium gates and potassium gates are all closed.

This illustration shows the flexion of the elbow joint. Identify two body systems that play a role in this action, and describe how they work together to flex the elbow.

Answers

The answer is elbow because it will fle

The two body systems that play a role in the action is

Muscular systemSkeletal system

Flexion of the elbow joint

Generally, the flexion of the elbow joint is anchored by two man bodily systems these are

The muscular system(muscular system is dedicated to  the movement of the human body) The skeletal system( responsible to hold the proper-structure of the body) .

Therefore,two body systems that play a role in the action is

Muscular system Skeletal system

For more information on  Nerves

https://brainly.com/question/2622341

The ______ system helps us to break down our food.
A. digestive

B. muscular

C. circulatory

Answers

Answer:

A. digestive

Explanation:

Even if you chew the food, sometimes the food isn't break down properly. The digestive system would help break down food into tiny pieces.

Hope this helps, thank you :) !!

Which of the following is one of the reasons a sea breeze occurs during the day?
A
The land cools faster than the water.
B
The land cools slower than the water
С
The land warms faster than the water
D
The land warms slower than the water

Answers

the answer is C. :):):):):):

Answer:

C

Explanation:

i took the test and it was on my study guide

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Answers

Answer: B

Explanation:

Why should organisms that produce more offspring have a more likely chance of survival?

Answers

Answer:Organisms must struggle to get what they need to survive, competing against other organisms that want the same things they do.

Explanation:

Answer:

I will try to put this in the simplest terms I can:

If you think about it, organisms actually do not live that long. There are multiple cause and effect reasons, such as low resources, no food, extinction, and so on. Thus, organisms must produce offspring to keep their "family line" consistent.

Why can mass bleaching wipe out the whole ecosystem

Answers

Since the earth warms because of global warming bleach massing does the same thing as the seas get warmer so can coral bleaching because it has the potential of wiping out the ecosystems because as wildlife comes coral mass can’t find food so they move away or die creating barren underwater landscapes. Hope this helps!:)

During cell division the ONLY cell organelle that breaks down and reforms is the

Answers

Answer:

kinetochore

Explanation:

The kinetochore breaks down and the sister chromatids separate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides. The kinetochore becomes attached to the mitotic spindle.

can we prepare slides without stain? justify.​

Answers

Answer:

Yes, it is easier to prepare slides without using any stains however, will not be able to see the colorless bodies present in the cell so that the stains help us to easily see. Preparing the slides is quite easier without staining and they are not visible to clearly the eyes

Explanation:Yes, it is easier to prepare slides without using any stains however, will not be able to see the colorless bodies present in the cell so that the stains help us to easily see. Preparing the slides is quite easier without staining and they are not visible to clearly the eyes

What type of blood vessels returns blood to the heart?
If you get this right I will give you Brianliest even if you attempt.
Not lying​

Answers

Answer:

The blood vessels that returns blood to the heart is the superior and inferior vena cave,along with the aorta,are the great vessel's involved in systemic circulation.

what is the probability for a child to inherit one of two alleles from her dad??

a:100%
b: 50%
c: 0%
d: impossible to know

Answers

Answer:

100%

Explanation:

a child will get one allele from her mom and one from her dad.

Answer:

50%

Explanation:

the probability for a child to inherit one of two alleles from her dad is 50 persent.

Marine biologists are studying stickleback fish populations. There are two distinct variations in the sticklebacks based on phenotypes. They are found with the three spines more commonly in marine ecosystems while they are more commonly found without the three spines in freshwater ecosystems. This has been observed in many marine and freshwater ecosystems across the globe. What explains the variation seen in the image here across different aquatic ecosystems?

Answers

Answer:

Presence of predators.

Explanation:

Presence and absence of predators is the main cause of the presence of spines on stickleback fish populations because these spines helps in the protection against predators. The stickleback fish populations that lives in marine ecosystem have spines because there are many predators are present while on the other hand, stickleback fish populations of freshwater ecosystems have no spines due to no predator so they acquire the adaptation of having no spines.

In this exercise we have to explain the variations of the aquatic system, so we have to:

In this case, as long as a large increase in a specific population of fish takes place, we know that the predators of this system are needed.

What factors interfere in an ecosystem?

They are:

Biotic factors: producing beings (plants and algae), consuming beings (herbivores and carnivores) and decomposing beings (fungi and bacteria). Abiotic factors: water, light (light energy), heat (thermal energy) and nutrients (chemical substances).

See more about ecosystem at brainly.com/question/1673533

What process can change all three rock types in a new metamorphic rock?

Answers

Answer:

The three main rock types are igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. The three processes that change one rock to another are crystallization, metamorphism, and erosion and sedimentation. Any rock can transform into any other rock by passing through one or more of these processes. This creates the rock cycle.

Explanation:

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Use the table to write a linear function that relates y to x .y= PLEASE HELP ASAP! WILL MARK BRAINLIEST!!!!!!!Read the excerpt from "How I Learned English.I watched it [the ball] closing inClean and untouched, transfixedBy its easy arc before it hitMy forehead with a thud.The word thud helps readers visualize and understand that the ball came insoft and slowquick and smoothhard and heavyrough and dirty An airplane takes 3 hours to travel a distance of 1560 miles with the wind. The return trip takes 4 hours against the wind. Find the speed of the plane in still air and the speed of the wind. PLEASE HELP ME ASAP PLS Rewrite as an exponential equation.In7 = y what is the Latin word for "wine" A business must decide whether to open a new office in China. If it opens thebranch, it will increase its chances of selling a high volume of its products inChina. On the other hand, the business will have to spend a lot of money tomake the branch operational.What would be an opportunity cost for the business if it chooses to open thenew branch in China?A. The business would be able to increase the selling prices for mostof its products.B. The business would be able to easily sell its products to many newcustomers.C. The business could not use the money it spends on the newbranch for something else.D. The business would have to spend all its money making newChinese products. Which of the following is most likely the next step in the series . A shipyard makes a container ship that can withstand the total amount of weight W, which is normally distributed with mean of 600 tons and standard deviation of 60 tons. Let us assume that the weight of a single container that will be loaded to the container ship is also normally distributed with mean of 4 tons and standard deviation of 0.4 tons. What is the maximum number of containers that the ship can load and still have at least a 90% chance to not exceed its weight limit help i'll give brainlyest -2x-3y=-7 y+1=x solve for y and x Which of the following is a characteristic of outer planets? Close to the sun Few moons Have rings Rocky surfaces A circular spinner is divided into 17 sectors of equal area. There are 6 red sectors, 6 blue, 3 yellow, and 2 green. Consider the experiment of spinning the spinner once. Find the probabilitythat the spinner lands on blue or green.The probability that the spinner lands on blue or green is America's political system iscalled the party system.A. twoB. threeC. four Find the missing angle Harrison ,Tad and dale ride their bikes to school Harrison rides 3/4 mile,Tad rides 3/8 and dale rides 3/6 mile. Compare and order and distances the boys ride from least the greatest Which of the following is not a coordinating conjunction?yetsoforneither I NEED HELP PLEASE!! There are two forms of PKD- autosomal Dominant andautosomal recessive. Since Aditya has the dominant form,if he marries a woman with no family history of PKD, whatare the chances their children will inherit the gene? Showa punnett square to illustrate your answer Suppose Lauren is working two jobs to help pay for college. One job pays more per hour than the other. Since her boss at the higher-paying job wouldn't give her as many hours as she wanted, she picked up the second job to generate more income. With her course load, 20 hours a week of work is all she can manage, but she wants to make as much money as possible in those 20 hours. Her goal is to get twice as many hours a week at the higher-paying job than at the lower-paying one. How many hours should she work at each job What is equivalent to 12:20