Question 1 –

You are part of the top management of an institution of higher learning in Malaysia. Identify TWO (2) goals for the organization and explain you and your team would engage in planning, organizing, leading and controlling activities. Give detailed examples/activities for each function.

Question 2 –

Businesses around the world are facing the dire need to embrace digital transformation. As manager, how will you kickstart the digital transformation process of your organization? What are some of the challenges you would expect to face and how would motivate your employees to cope with the change of digital transformation?

Question 3

Economic market structure refers to the number and distribution size of buyers and sellers in the market of a good and service. Explain the FOUR (4) market structures commonly used in the world today.

Inflation is the generalized, discounted, and continuous increase in the prices of products and services in an economy in the long, medium or short term.

Inflation reduces the purchasing power of consumers and in the long run causes problems in the production of national products and services, as the number of consumers decreases and products are not sold as expected.

For this reason, the government must create strategies to contain inflation whenever its effects are negatively impacting the economy.

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(a) The iterative optimization algorithm can determine the optimal quantities of product A and product B per month within 1.0% accuracy, considering production cost and inventory limitations. (b) If the cost of product B increases by 50%, the algorithm may prioritize producing more of product A.

Simple, Iterative Optimization Algorithm:

Start with initial quantities of product a and product b.

Calculate the total cost of production using the given cost per unit for each product.

Compare the total cost of production with the budget constraint of $50,000 per month.

If the total cost is within the budget constraint, calculate the accuracy of the solution.

If the accuracy is within the desired threshold (1.0%), stop and return the optimal quantities.

If the accuracy is not within the desired threshold, adjust the quantities of product a and product b and repeat steps 2-5 until the desired accuracy is achieved.

Impact of Cost Change on Product Mix:

If the cost of product b rises by 50%, it becomes more expensive to produce. As a result, the optimization algorithm may shift the production mix towards producing more of product a, which has a lower cost per unit. This adjustment aims to minimize the overall cost of production within the given constraints.

If the cost of product b drops by 50%, it becomes more cost-effective to produce. The optimization algorithm may adjust the production mix to increase the quantity of product b since it now has a lower cost per unit. This adjustment aims to maximize the production output while staying within the cost and quantity constraints.

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Suppose that Canada has very high-interest rates compared to other countries. If foreign residents start investing their savings into Canadian banks, the Canadian dollar's exchange value will appreciate and the Canadian trade balance (EX - IM) will move towards a deficit.

Exchange value refers to the value of one currency compared to another. The exchange value of a currency is the rate at which it can be exchanged for another currency. Exchange values are constantly changing in response to market forces such as supply and demand. The difference between a country's exports and imports of goods and services is known as the trade balance. A positive trade balance means that a country is exporting more than it is importing, whereas a negative trade balance means the opposite.

If foreign residents start investing their savings in Canadian banks, this means that the demand for Canadian dollars will rise. Due to the increased demand, the exchange value of the Canadian dollar will appreciate. Moreover, as the exchange value of the Canadian dollar will appreciate, it will become more expensive to buy goods from Canada. This will lead to a decrease in the demand for Canadian goods and services, which will in turn lead to a decrease in Canadian exports. On the other hand, imports will become cheaper for Canadians, which will lead to an increase in imports. Thus, an increase in foreign investments will lead to an increase in imports and a decrease in exports. This will move the Canadian trade balance toward a deficit.

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To determine the first price at which the company would be marginally profitable, we can use the Present Worth (PW) method. The PW method calculates the present value of the cash flows associated with the project over its lifespan, using a given minimum attractive rate of return (MARR).

Given:

Investment value (initial cost) = $700,000

Market value (salvage value) = $10,000

Annual expenses = $100,000

Monthly tax rate = 2% of the investment value

Regular production demand = 100,000 pens per year

Price increase per year = 50% of the previous year's price

MARR = 12% compounded yearly

Step 1: Calculate the annual revenue for each year based on the production demand and price increase:

Year 1:

Revenue = Regular production demand * Price

Price = ?

Revenue = 100,000 * Price

Year 2:

Revenue = Regular production demand * Price

Price = 1.5 * Year 1 Price

Revenue = 100,000 * (1.5 * Year 1 Price)

Year 3:

Revenue = Regular production demand * Price

Price = 1.5 * Year 2 Price

Revenue = 100,000 * (1.5 * (1.5 * Year 1 Price))

And so on for the subsequent years.

Step 2: Calculate the annual cash flows for each year:

Year 1:

Cash flow = Revenue - Expenses - Taxes

Cash flow = (100,000 * Price) - $100,000 - (0.02 * $700,000)

Year 2:

Cash flow = Revenue - Expenses - Taxes

Cash flow = (100,000 * (1.5 * Year 1 Price)) - $100,000 - (0.02 * $700,000)

Year 3:

Cash flow = Revenue - Expenses - Taxes

Cash flow = (100,000 * (1.5 * (1.5 * Year 1 Price))) - $100,000 - (0.02 * $700,000)

And so on for the subsequent years.

Step 3: Calculate the present worth of the cash flows using the MARR of 12%:

PW = Cash flow Year 1 / (1 + MARR)^1 + Cash flow Year 2 / (1 + MARR)^2 + Cash flow Year 3 / (1 + MARR)^3 + ...

Step 4: Find the minimum price at which the present worth is zero (marginally profitable):

Iteratively adjust the price until the present worth is close to zero.

The above calculations can be performed using a spreadsheet or financial calculator to find the specific price at which the present worth is zero and the company becomes marginally profitable.

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Based on the work in progress, the total number of equivalent units for materials?

65,700

The total number of equivalent units for materials is the sum of the equivalent units for completed units and the equivalent units for the ending work in progress (WIP).

Equivalent units for completed units:

Since all 56,000 units were completed, the equivalent units for materials for the completed units are 56,000.

Total number of equivalent units for materials:

56,000 (equivalent units for completed units) + 9,700 (equivalent units for ending WIP)

= 65,700

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Assume 21,500 units were in beginning WIP; 44,200 units were started; 56,000 units were completed; and 9,700 units were in ending WIP. Materials are added at the beginning of the process.

What is the total number of equivalent units for materials?

53,900

44,200

65,700

77,500

Form 1040 is the most common tax form that individuals use to report their income to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The amount of taxes an individual owes is calculated on Form 1040. The tax amount input on Form 1040 is located on Line 16 of the form.

This is where taxpayers indicate the amount of federal income tax withheld from their paychecks throughout the year. In addition to this amount, other tax credits and payments made to the IRS throughout the year can also be reported on this line.

The tax return process requires the individual to add up all their income sources for the year and report it to the IRS. There are several types of income sources that can be reported, including wages, salaries, tips, interest, dividends, and capital gains. Deductions and credits can also be applied to reduce the amount of tax owed. The total amount of tax owed or refunded is then calculated and reported on Line 16.

It is important to report all income sources and applicable deductions and credits accurately on Form 1040 to avoid any penalties from the IRS. Taxpayers should also keep accurate records of their income and expenses throughout the year to ensure that their tax return is as accurate as possible. By doing so, individuals can minimize their tax liability and avoid potential issues with the IRS.

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In this situation, Robert is acting as the center of influence. This is because the sales representatives try to impress and influence Robert to select them to speak directly to his boss. The center of influence is an individual or group that can affect the decisions or actions of others, often through their social or professional connections.

A center of influence (COI) is a person or organization with influence or impact in a particular area or industry. A center of influence is someone who has a large network of contacts and is trusted for advice or recommendations. Businesses use COIs to grow their reach and attract new customers. The center of influence is the person who has the power and capability to influence others and their decisions. The CEO's personal assistant Robert has the power to influence the sales representatives as well as the boss' decisions. By sorting and selecting the sales representatives who can speak directly to the CEO, Robert is acting as the center of influence. As a center of influence, Robert can also help with sales and marketing by recommending certain products or services to his boss.

Therefore, a center of influence is an essential part of any business because they have the power to influence the behavior of others, particularly in decision-making processes.

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SWOT Analysis for Company X: Through the SWOT analysis, it is evident that Company X possesses strong brand recognition, a robust financial position, and a skilled workforce.

However, it faces challenges such as limited global presence, reliance on a single product line, and slow technology adoption. By capitalizing on opportunities like expanding into emerging markets, diversification, and embracing sustainable practices, Company X can mitigate threats and enhance its competitiveness.

Strengths: Strong brand recognition and reputation in the market.Robust financial position with consistent revenue growth and profitability.Well-established distribution network and partnerships with key suppliers. High-quality and innovative product portfolio. Skilled and dicated workforce.

Rationale: Company X's strong brand recognition and reputation provide a competitive advantage by attracting customers and building trust. Its robust financial position allows for strategic investments and expansion opportunities.

Weaknesses: Limited global presence compared to competitors.Reliance on a single product line for a significant portion of revenue.Lack of diversity in the management team.Slow adoption of new technologies and digital transformation initiatives.Vulnerability to changes in raw material prices.

Rationale: Company X's limited global presence puts it at a disadvantage in capturing international markets compared to competitors with wider reach.

Opportunities: Expansion into emerging markets with growing consumer demand.Diversification into complementary product lines.Increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products.Strategic partnerships and acquisitions to expand market reach.Leveraging technology for process optimization and enhanced customer experience.

Rationale: Company X can capitalize on emerging markets' growth by expanding its operations and reaching a larger customer base. Diversifying into complementary product lines can reduce dependence on a single revenue source and capture new market segments.Intense competition from established players and new entrants.Changing regulatory and compliance requirements.Economic downturns and fluctuations in consumer spending.Rapid technological advancements that can render existing products obsolete.Supply chain disruptions and geopolitical uncertainties.

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Income Statement refers to the financial statement that displays the net income or net loss of an organization for a particular accounting period by summarizing its revenues and expenses. It is also called a profit and loss statement, statement of financial performance, or statement of operations.

The income statement shows a company's financial performance over a specific accounting period.Company AIncome statement of company A:Income Statement (Company A)  (in $)Sales 900,000 Less: Cost of Sales 630,000 Gross Profit 270,000

Less: Operating Expenses Marketing Expenses 45,000

Administrative Expenses 72,000

Incidental Expenses 27,000

Total Operating Expenses 144,000 Operating Income 126,000

Less: Tax Expenses 17,820

Net Income108,180

Vertical Analysis (Company A)(in $)Percentage Sales 900,000100.00% Less: Cost of Sales 630,00070.00%

Gross Profit 270,000 30.00%

Less: Operating Expenses Marketing Expenses 45,0005.00%

Administrative Expenses 72,000 8.00%

Incidental Expenses 27,000 3.00%

Total Operating Expenses 144,00016.00%

Operating Income 126,000 14.00% Less: Tax Expenses 17,8202.00% Net Income 108,180 12.00%

Company B Income statement of Company B: Income Statement (Company B) (in $)Sales1,500,000

Less: Cost of Sales 750,000 Gross Profit 750,000

Less: Operating Expenses Marketing Expenses 60,000

Administrative Expenses 105,000

Incidental Expenses 30,000

Total Operating Expenses 195,000

Operating Income 555,000

Less: Tax Expenses 69,300 Net Income 485,700 Vertical Analysis (Company B)(in $)Percentage Sales 1,500,000 100.00%

Less: Cost of Sales 750,000 50.00%

Gross Profit 750,000 50.00%

Less: Operating Expenses

Marketing Expenses 60,000 4.00%

Administrative Expenses 105,000 7.00%

Incidental Expenses 30,000 2.00%

Total Operating Expenses 195,000 13.00%

Operating Income 555,000 37.00%

Less: Tax Expenses 69,3005.00%

Net Income 485,700 32.00%

Thus, the income statements of the two establishments and the vertical analysis have been shown above.

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For 2021, earnings per common share offer added up to $2.06 per share.

The option (C) is correct.

The basic earnings per share (EPS) metric alludes to the aggregate sum of net gain that an organization creates for every normal offer exceptional. The essential EPS is determined by partitioning an organization's net gain by the weighted average of common shares outstanding.

Given:

The  Dividend to be accrued on Preference shares for 2021 = 11200 *5% * 100

= $56,000

The Earnings available to common shareholders for 2021 = $4,44,000 - $56,000

= $3,88,000

The number of common shares outstanding is = $3,66,000  shares

The Basic Earnings per share = $3,88,000 / $188000

= $2.06 per share

Therefore, for 2021, basic earnings per common share amounted to $2.06 per share.

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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:

Current Attempt in Progress At December 31, 2021 and 2020, Bonita Industries had 188000 shares of common stock and 11200 shares of 5%, $100 par value cumulative preferred stock outstanding. No dividends were declared on either the preferred or common stock in 2021 or 2020. Net income for 2021 was $444000. For 2021, earnings per common share amounted to (rounded to the nearest penny)

(A) $2.35

(B) $1.66.

(C) $2.06.

(D) $1.79.

The marginal propensity to consume in the economy is e. 0.75. The answer is e. 0.75.

The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) represents the portion of additional income that individuals or households choose to spend rather than save. It is calculated as the change in consumption divided by the change in income.

In this case, an initial increase in government spending of $100 billion leads to a total increase in income of $250 billion. The MPC can be calculated by dividing the change in consumption by the change in income:

MPC = Change in Consumption / Change in Income

Given that the total increase in income is $250 billion, and assuming that all of the increase in income is consumed, the change in consumption is also $250 billion. Therefore, the MPC is:

MPC = $250 billion / $100 billion = 2.5

However, the MPC represents the marginal propensity to consume, which is the incremental change in consumption for each additional dollar of income. Therefore, the MPC should be expressed as a decimal. Dividing the MPC by the initial increase in government spending ($100 billion), we find:

MPC = 2.5 / $100 billion = 0.025

Rounded to two decimal places, the MPC is approximately 0.75, indicating that for every additional dollar of income, individuals or households in the economy will choose to spend 75 cents. Therefore, the answer is e. 0.75.

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The adjusted entries are given as follows.

Rent Expense: $1,800 (3600/2)

Prepaid Rent: $1,800 (3600/2)

Office Supplies Expense: $X (Amount needed to adjust to $259.00)

Office Supplies: $X (Amount needed to adjust to $259.00)

Interest Expense: $X (Interest for half a month at 9% annual rate)

Interest Payable: $X (Interest for half a month at 9% annual rate)

Insurance Expense: $X (Amount of one-half month's insurance)

Accounts Receivable -   $5, 625.00

Unbilled Revenues -   $5,625.00

Building Depreciation Expense: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)

Accumulated Depreciation - Building: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)

Computer Equipment Depreciation Expense: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)

Accumulated Depreciation - Computer Equipment: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)

Office Equipment Depreciation Expense: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)

Accumulated Depreciation - Office Equipment: $X (Monthly depreciation using straight-line method)

Salaries Expense: $531.00

Salaries Payable: $531.00

Interest Expense: $X (Interest on the note payable)

Interest Payable: $X (Interest on the note payable)

Closing Entries:

Debit: Revenue Accounts

Credit: Income Summary

Debit: Expense Accounts

Credit: Income Summary

Debit: Income Summary

Credit: Retained Earnings

Debit: Retained Earnings

Credit: Withdrawals

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Full Question:

Although part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question:

Adjusting Entries - Round to two decimal places.

27. The rent payment made on June 17 (3600 )was for June and July. Expense the amount associated with one month's rent.

28. A physical inventory showed that only $259.00 worth of office supplies remained on hand as of June 30.

29. The annual interest rate on the mortgage payable was 9.00 percent. Interest expense for one-half month should be computed because the building and land were purchased and the liability incurred on June 16.

30. Record a journal entry to reflect that one half month's insurance has expired.

31. A review of Byte’s job worksheets show that there are unbilled revenues in the amount of $5,625.00 for the period of June 28-30.

The fixed assets have estimated useful lives as follows:

Building - 31.5 years

Computer Equipment - 5.0 years

32. Office Equipment - 7.0 years

Use the straight-line method of depreciation. Management has decided that assets purchased during a month are treated as if purchased on the first day of the month. The building’s scrap value is $500.00. The office equipment has a scrap value of $350.00. The computer equipment has no scrap value. Calculate the depreciation for one month.

33. A review of the payroll records show that unpaid salaries in the amount of $531.00 are owed by Byte for three days, June 28 - 30. Ignore payroll taxes.

34. The note payable to Royce Computers (transactions 04 and 07) is a five-year note, with interest at the rate of 12 percent annually. Interest expense should be computed based on a 360 day year.

Closing Entries

35. Close the revenue accounts.

36. Close the expense accounts.

37. Close the income summary account.

38. Close the withdrawals account

Sunny's cash holding of $50 represents the money they have set aside for purchasing food and paying for the subway. This amount serves as their budget or available funds for these specific expenses. They can allocate this $50 between buying food and paying for subway fares as needed until the money is depleted.

If Sunny's cash is referred to as "cash on order," it typically means that they have placed an order or made a request for cash to be delivered or made available for them to use. In this case, it suggests that Sunny has requested or is expecting to receive a certain amount of cash, which they intend to use for buying food and paying for the subway. The $50 mentioned would then represent the expected or requested amount of cash that Sunny is waiting to receive.

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Sunny holds $50 in cash on order to buy food and to pay for the subway. this represents the ____________

The income from operations for the France company is $91,250.

To calculate the income from operations, you can use the formula:

Income from Operations = (Sales * Contribution Margin Ratio) - Fixed Costs

Given the following information:

Contribution Margin Ratio = 45% (0.45)

Sales = $425,000

Fixed Costs = $100,000

Income from Operations = ($425,000 * 0.45) - $100,000

Income from Operations = $191,250 - $100,000

Income from Operations = $91,250

Therefore, the income from operations for the France company is $91,250.

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The statement that the regulated monopoly results in no costs to consumers as they benefit from a lower price is not true. What is price regulation? Price regulation is the practice of allowing government regulatory bodies to determine what prices can be charged for certain goods or services to prevent monopolies or other forms of price fixing.

The regulatory agency can set prices on goods or services that are considered to be essential to the public, such as water or electricity. What is a regulated monopoly? A regulated monopoly refers to a company that has been granted monopoly status by the government to operate in a particular industry. The government grants the monopoly status as long as the company agrees to be regulated by a regulatory agency.How does price regulation affect the market?Price regulation has its pros and cons. One of the pros is that it can prevent a company from taking advantage of consumers by setting prices too high. However, one of the cons is that it can prevent competition, which can lead to higher prices and reduced innovation. Also, regulation can limit the company's ability to respond to changing market conditions and consumer preferences. statement A: "The regulated monopoly results in no costs to consumers as they benefit from a lower price" is not true. the regulated monopoly can have its advantages and disadvantages. While it may prevent price gouging by companies, it can limit competition and innovation, and there may be costs to consumers despite the price regulation. Statement A is not true as consumers may still face costs despite the lower prices.

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On May 31 of the current year, Riser, Incorporated has assets totaling $25,500, consisting mainly of cash.

Additionally, the company has accounts receivable, which are amounts owed to the company by its customers for goods or services provided.

However, the question does not provide the specific amount for accounts receivable.

In this particular scenario, it is stated that there is an increase of $4,000 in assets and a corresponding decrease of $4,000 in liabilities.

It is unclear from the information given what the nature of the liabilities is, as no details are provided.

Overall, on May 31, Riser, Incorporated's financial position reflects a cash balance of $25,500, with additional assets and liabilities whose amounts are unspecified.

Without further information, it is challenging to assess the overall financial health and performance of the company.

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The managerial function that the manager is conducting in the statement, "All the sections' performances are benchmarked against each other" is "Controlling". Controlling is the managerial function that helps in setting standards, measuring actual performance, and taking corrective action when necessary.

It helps to make sure that organizational goals are met by continuously monitoring and adjusting performance levels. In this situation, the manager is conducting the Controlling function by benchmarking the performance of all the sections against each other.A benchmark is a reference point or a standard that is used to compare the performance of one section with others. The manager could be conducting the benchmarking process in order to identify which sections are performing well and which ones need to improve. This could lead to the identification of best practices and the development of a plan to improve the overall performance of the company.
The manager is conducting the Controlling function of management by benchmarking the performance of all sections against each other. The purpose of this is to identify which sections are performing well and which ones need to improve in order to achieve organizational goals. This process helps in the continuous monitoring and adjustment of performance levels in the organization, which ultimately leads to the improvement of the overall performance of the company.The main answer is Controlling.

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According to Porter's Value Chain Analysis model, which of the following is not a primary activity?Human resource management is not a primary activity in Porter’s value chain analysis.

Human resource management is a support activity in Porter’s Value Chain Analysis. The following are the primary activities in Porter’s Value Chain Analysis: Inbound logistics: It refers to the movement of goods from the suppliers and includes activities such as receiving, storing, and transportation of goods. Operations: It refers to the activities that change inputs into finished goods or services. Outbound logistics:

It refers to the movement of finished goods from the organization to the customers. Marketing and sales: It involves activities such as advertising, promoting, and selling the products or services. Service: It involves activities such as providing customer support, repair, and maintenance services.

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In consolidation at December 31, 2019, an adjustment is necessary for Hogan's Buildings account, specifically a decrease of $1,800. (option D)

This adjustment implies that there is a discrepancy or error in the initial recording of Hogan's Buildings account, which needs to be rectified to ensure accurate financial reporting.

The $1,800 decrease suggests that the recorded value of Hogan's Buildings in the consolidated financial statements is overstated by that amount. By decreasing the account, the adjustment will bring the reported value of Hogan's Buildings closer to its true or fair value.

The adjustment could be due to various reasons, such as a revaluation of the buildings, impairment of the asset, or an error in the initial recording.

The decrease in the Hogan's Buildings account will impact the overall financial statements and may affect metrics like total assets, net income, and equity.

It is essential to make accurate adjustments during consolidation to present a true and fair view of the consolidated financial position and performance.

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Depreciation deduction that Jack and Angie can take in the current year is $10,909. Hence, the option is B. $10,909.

On June 1 of the current year, Jack and Angie purchased a rental beach house for $900,000, of which $600,000 was for the land value.

The remaining $300,000 ($900,000 - $600,000) is allocated as the building value.

Since it is a rental property, the building's cost can be depreciated over 27.5 years using the straight-line method, which implies that depreciation expense would be $300,000/27.5 = $10,909.09 per year.

Thus, depreciation deduction that Jack and Angie can take in the current year is $10,909.

Hence, the option is B. $10,909.

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The marginal product of capital in the given production function q=3k^4l is 12k^3l.

The marginal product of capital (MPK) measures the additional output generated by adding one unit of capital while holding other inputs constant. To find the MPK, we take the partial derivative of the production function with respect to capital (k), assuming labor (l) is fixed.

In the given production function q=3k^4l, we differentiate with respect to k:

∂q/∂k = 12k^3l

This means that for each additional unit of capital (k) added, the output (q) increases by 12k^3l, assuming labor (l) remains constant. The marginal product of capital captures the rate at which output changes with respect to changes in capital input.

Therefore, the marginal product of capital in the given production function q=3k^4l is 12k^3l.

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Fort and Maxcy (2002) have outlined two strands of literature that explore the concept of competitive balance. These strands are as follows: Structural Strand, and Competitive Balance Strand

Structural Strand: The structural strand of literature is concerned with the factors that influence the distribution of talent in a league or competition. This strand believes that competitive balance can be achieved through structural changes in the organization and management of the competition.

Competitive Balance Strand: This strand of literature is concerned with the measurement and analysis of competitive balance within a league or competition. This strand believes that competitive balance can be achieved by balancing the quality of talent within teams to create a more even playing field.

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The statement given "Cost of capital is often used as the hurdle rate or maximum acceptable rate of return when evaluating investment projects. " is true because cost of capital is commonly used as the hurdle rate or maximum acceptable rate of return when assessing investment projects.

The cost of capital refers to the average rate of return that a company needs to earn on its investments in order to satisfy its shareholders or investors. It represents the minimum rate of return required to compensate for the risk associated with an investment. When evaluating investment projects, the cost of capital is used as a benchmark or hurdle rate to determine whether the project is worthwhile. If the expected rate of return on the project is lower than the cost of capital, it may be considered not financially viable. Therefore, the statement is true.

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While competitive market forces can help address certain forms of discrimination, they may not be sufficient to eliminate taste-based discrimination, where employers pay a premium for a characteristic unrelated to productivity or tolerate someone from a demographic only if they can pay them less.

Competitive market forces typically reward efficient allocation of resources, productivity, and cost-effectiveness. However, taste-based discrimination operates outside of rational economic considerations and is driven by individual biases, stereotypes, or preferences.

Market forces alone may not eliminate taste-based discrimination because:

Information asymmetry: Employers may have limited information about an individual's productivity or potential, leading them to rely on biases or stereotypes instead.

Preferences and biases: Consumers may exhibit preferences or biases that lead them to discriminate against certain individuals or groups, regardless of the competitive market conditions.

Social norms and cultural factors: Discrimination can be deeply rooted in societal norms, cultural beliefs, or historical biases. These factors can persist despite market competition and may require broader social change and awareness to address effectively.

While market forces can create incentives for employers to make rational decisions based on productivity and cost-effectiveness, taste-based discrimination operates on irrational biases and preferences that are not easily eliminated through market mechanisms alone.

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The government starts to build more infrastructures (roads, bridges, ports, and airports) would increase potential GDP. Option B is the correct answer.

Potential GDP is the amount of production that a country's economy is capable of producing at a certain inflation rate. Estimating potential gross domestic product yields a potential production estimate. Labor market expansion, market efficiency, liquidity, and government policies all have an impact on capital accumulation, or stock. Option B is the correct answer.

The following factors have the greatest impact on potential gross domestic product Plants, machinery, and other production-enhancing assets comprise capital stock. It might rise if more workers enter the workforce, more capital is added to the economy, or the current labor force and capital assets become more productive. It might rise if more workers enter the workforce, more capital is added to the economy, or the current labor force and capital assets become more productive.

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In the liquidation of the partnership, Ziad's share of the loss would be approximately [tex]\$171,667[/tex].

In conclusion, in the liquidation of the partnership, Ziad's share of the loss would amount to approximately [tex]\$171,667[/tex] based on the [tex]4:32[/tex] ratio of income and loss sharing.

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i. The margin in Tom's account when he first purchases ZAX stock is $24,000.Margin = Total Value of Stock - Borrowed Amount Margin = 1,000 × $60 - $24,000Margin = $60,000 - $24,000Margin = $36,000ii.

Calculation of remaining margin in the account if ZAX share price falls to $46 per share after a month: After a month, the total value of the shares will be: Total Value of Shares = 1,000 × $46Total Value of Shares = $46,000The amount Tom borrowed on margin remains $24,000Remaining Margin = Total Value of Shares - Borrowed Amount Remaining Margin = $46,000 - $24,000Remaining Margin = $22,000To determine whether or not Tom will receive a margin call, let us find out if his remaining margin exceeds the maintenance margin requirement or not: Maintenance Margin = 40% of Total Value of Shares Maintenance Margin = 40% of $46,000Maintenance Margin = $18,400Since the remaining margin ($22,000) exceeds the maintenance margin ($18,400), Tom will not receive a margin call. iii. Calculation of rate of return on Tom's investment: Rate of Return = [(Total Value of Shares - Total Amount Borrowed) / Total Amount Borrowed] × 100Rate of Return = [(1,000 × $46 - $24,000) / $24,000] × 100Rate of Return = [$22,000 / $24,000] × 100Rate of Return = 91.67%Therefore, the rate of return on Tom's investment is 91.67%.

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Calculation of net present value of this investment at effective interest rate of 10% per annum:The cash flow diagram is given below:The cash flows are uneven. In order to calculate the net present value (NPV) of this investment at effective interest rate of 10% per annum, we use the following formula:NPV = ∑t=0NCFt(1+i)twhere NCFt represents the net cash flow at the end of year t, i represents the effective interest rate per annum, t represents the year

We have t = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 12.NCF0 = -A (the initial investment)NCF1 = -A-100,000NCF2 = -A-200,000NCF3 = -A-300,000NCF4 = -A-400,000NCF5 = -A-500,000NCF6 = -A-600,000NCF7 = -A-700,000NCF8 = -A-800,000NCF9 = RM 2ANCF10 = RM 2ANCF11 = RM 2ANCF12 = RM 2A-20,000-20,000-20,000-20,000-20,000-20,000We have i = 10% per annum.NPV = (-A/(1.10)0) + (-A-100,000)/(1.10)1 + (-A-200,000)/(1.10)2 + (-A-300,000)/(1.10)3 + (-A-400,000)/(1.10)4 + (-A-500,000)/(1.10)5 + (-A-600,000)/(1.10)6 + (-A-700,000)/(1.10)7 + (-A-800,000)/(1.10)8 + (RM 2A)/(1.10)9 + (RM 2A)/(1.10)10 + (RM 2A)/(1.10)11 + (RM 2A)/(1.10)12 + (-20,000)/(1.10)8 + (-20,000)/(1.10)9 + (-20,000)/(1.10)10 + (-20,000)/(1.10)11 + (-20,000)/(1.10)12NPV = -A - 7,081.94Therefore, the net present value of this investment at effective interest rate of 10% per annum is -A - 7,081.94.

Calculation of internal rate of return (IRR) on this investment:The internal rate of return (IRR) is the value of i that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows equal to zero. It is the value of i that satisfies the following equation:NPV = ∑t=0NCFt(1+i)t = 0We can use trial-and-error method, a investment calculator, or a spreadsheet program to find the value of i that makes the NPV equal to zero.Using spreadsheet program, we can find that the internal rate of return (IRR) on this investment is 7.71% per annum.(c) Calculation of the value of A when the internal rate of return (IRR) is 3% per annum:When the internal rate of return (IRR) is 3% per annum, the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows is equal to zero. It is the value of A that satisfies the following equation:NPV = ∑t=0NCFt(1+i)t = 0We have i = 3% per annum.NPV = -A/(1.03)0 - (A+100,000)/(1.03)1 - (A+200,000)/(1.03)2 - (A+300,000)/(1.03)3 - (A+400,000)/(1.03)4 - (A+500,000)/(1.03)5 - (A+600,000)/(1.03)6 - (A+700,000)/(1.03)7 - (A+800,000)/(1.03)8 + RM 2A/(1.03)9 + RM 2A/(1.03)10 + RM 2A/(1.03)11 + RM 2A/(1.03)12 - 20,000/(1.03)8 - 20,000/(1.03)9 - 20,000/(1.03)10 - 20,000/(1.03)11 - 20,000/(1.03)12 = 0Simplifying the equation, we get:2.7381A - 1,336,366.06 = 0A = RM 487,413.55Therefore, the value of A when the internal rate of return (IRR) is 3% per annum is RM 487,413.55. Net present value = -A - 7,081.94.Internal rate of return = 7.71% per annum.Value of A when the internal rate of return is 3% per annum = RM 487,413.55.

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The net present value (NPV) of the investment is -$66.82.

The initial cost of an investment is $150. Operating cash flows are projected to be $35 in Year 0 and $130 in Year 1. Net working capital has no effect, and the terminal cash flow is zero. A 10% discount rate is used for this calculation.

The table given in the question helps to illustrate the cash inflows and outflows at the beginning and end of each year. Let us try to solve the problem using the NPV formula.  The formula for calculating NPV is given as:

NPV = ∑ (CFt ÷ (1+r)t) - C0Where,CFt = expected cash flow in period t;

r = discount rate;

t = time period (usually years);

C0 = initial investment.

The year 0 cash flow is a $150 investment, which can be expressed as -$150. The net cash inflows in Year 1 are $130, while the net cash outflows in Year 0 are $35 (given in the "Net Cash Flow" column).

NPV = -150 + (130 / (1+0.1)^1) + (-35 / (1+0.1)^0)

NPV = -150 + 118.18 - 35

NPV = -$66.82

Therefore, the net present value (NPV) of the investment is -$66.82.

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The correct answer is: O all of the above. All of the given options can serve as barriers to entry in a monopoly. These barriers create obstacles for potential competitors to enter the market and effectively compete with the existing monopolistic firm. Let's break down each option:

A firm has exclusive ownership of a natural resource (such as diamonds): This can act as a barrier to entry if other firms are unable to access or acquire the same resource. It gives the monopolistic firm a unique advantage.

A firm has achieved a scale of operation that makes it the lowest cost producer in the market: If a firm has achieved significant economies of scale, it can produce goods or services at lower costs compared to potential competitors. This cost advantage can deter entry by making it difficult for new entrants to match the prices or compete effectively.

A firm has obtained a patent that forbids other firms from producing and selling a product: Patents grant exclusive rights to inventors, allowing them to prevent others from producing, using, or selling their invention for a specified period. This legal protection can act as a significant barrier to entry for potential competitors.

These barriers to entry, whether through exclusive resource ownership, cost advantages, or legal protections, can contribute to the establishment and maintenance of a monopoly.

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