Answer:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the concept of race began to take shape as a way of categorizing and differentiating groups of people based on physical and cultural characteristics. This idea was heavily influenced by European colonialism and the encounter with non-European peoples in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
One influential thinker in the development of the idea of race was the Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus, who in the mid-18th century classified humans into four racial categories based on physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features, and hair texture. This approach was later expanded by other scholars who added more categories and refined the criteria used to distinguish between them.
The idea of race was also used to justify imperial conquest and expansion by European powers. European colonizers viewed non-European peoples as inferior and primitive, and argued that it was their duty to bring civilization and progress to these “uncivilized” societies. The concept of the “white man’s burden” was popularized in the late 19th century as a justification for European imperialism, and was based on the assumption that white people had a moral and intellectual superiority that made them responsible for the welfare of other peoples.
However, the experience of subaltern peoples often negated these justifications. Colonialism and imperialism led to exploitation, violence, and the suppression of local cultures and traditions. Many colonized peoples resisted European domination and fought for independence and self-determination. The Haitian Revolution, for example, challenged the idea of racial hierarchy by demonstrating that enslaved Africans could overthrow their white masters and establish an independent state.
Primary sources such as travel accounts, scientific treatises, and political speeches provide valuable insights into the development of the idea of race and its use to justify imperialism. For example, Edward Long’s History of Jamaica, published in 1774, classified Jamaican society into racial categories and argued that Africans were inferior to Europeans. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, which divided Africa among European powers, was based on the assumption that African societies were primitive and needed European guidance and control.
In conclusion, the idea of race developed in the 18th and 19th centuries as a way of categorizing and differentiating groups of people based on physical and cultural characteristics. This concept was used to justify European imperialism and conquest, but was often challenged and negated by the experiences of subaltern peoples who resisted European domination and fought for their own independence and self-determination.
Why were more Americans able to buy homes after World War II?
Answer:
New and expanded federal programs, including the G.I. Bill of Rights, allowed many young families to purchase their own homes, often located in rapidly expanding suburbs. After World War II, consumer spending no longer meant just satisfying an indulgent material desire.
Explanation:
After World War II, more Americans were able to buy homes due to a combination of factors. One major factor was the GI Bill, which provided loans for veterans to buy homes with low interest rates and no down payment. This program spurred a housing boom and facilitated home ownership for many middle-class Americans.
In addition, the post-war economic boom led to increased job opportunities and higher wages, which allowed more people to afford homes. The expansion of the suburbs also made it easier for people to find affordable housing outside of city centers.
Moreover, the construction of highways and other infrastructure projects facilitated commuting and opened up further areas for residential development. Finally, the growth of the banking and finance industries made it easier to obtain mortgages and other forms of credit, which in turn made homeownership more accessible for many Americans.
why was it necessary for the South African government to heal the wonds of the past political experience
Answer: ans below
Explanation:
The TRC was a success because it simultaneously healed people and the country of South Africa as a whole. It accomplished this by giving individuals a platform to actively discuss the past in order to move forward. This procedure aided in addressing the requirements of the nation, the offenders, and the victims.
Winston Churchill speech we shall fight on the beaches. When was this speech delivered
The "We Shall Fight on the Beaches" speech was delivered by Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, on June 4, 1940. This speech was delivered to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, during the early stages of World War II. It is considered to be one of Churchill's most famous speeches, and it rallied the British people during a time of great uncertainty and danger.
~~~Harsha~~~
How are the other mass atrocities different from genocide?
Genocide is one form of mass atrocity, but there are other types of mass atrocities that are distinct from genocide.
Annihilation is one kind of mass abomination; by and by, there are different sorts of mass barbarities that are not slaughtered. The following are several such models:
Violations Against Humankind: Acts done as a component of a far and wide or methodical assault expected against any nonmilitary personnel populace, with information on the assault, are delegated wrongdoings against mankind. Murder, torment, assault, oppression, authorized vanishing, and other horrendous violations are instances of such abominations.
Atrocities: Serious infringement of global helpful regulation perpetrated during a furnished clash is alluded to as atrocities. They might include the deliberate focus of regular people, the utilization of youngster fighters, and the commission of torment or different kinds of abuse.
Ethnic purging is the strong dislodging or removal of an ethnic or strict local area from a specific district.
To learn about genocide
https://brainly.com/question/4266491
How does it function as a form of political and/or social criticism, or address a consequence of colonialism?
Using the Ashanti stool the 19th century
Answer: The Ashanti stool was an important symbol of political and social power in the Ashanti Empire, which was located in what is now modern-day Ghana. In the 19th century, during the height of colonialism, the Ashanti stool played a key role in resisting colonial rule and asserting Ashanti sovereignty.
As a form of political and social criticism, the Ashanti stool represented the independence and autonomy of the Ashanti people, and served as a symbol of their resistance to colonialism. The stool was considered sacred and was believed to contain the soul of the Ashanti people, and as such, was a powerful rallying point for resistance against colonial forces.
The Ashanti people's defiance of colonial rule through the use of the stool highlighted the political and social consequences of colonialism. Colonialism disrupted traditional power structures and social hierarchies, and the use of the stool as a symbol of resistance demonstrated the Ashanti people's determination to protect their cultural and political identity in the face of foreign domination.
In summary, the Ashanti stool served as a powerful symbol of political and social resistance against colonialism in the 19th century. Its use demonstrated the consequences of colonialism on traditional power structures and social hierarchies, and highlighted the importance of cultural and political autonomy in resisting foreign domination.
Explanation:
One hundred years ago, hat pins were at the center of a fiery debate concerning the rights of women to exist in the same public spaces as men. This is also known as the Hatpin Panic.
Why is this important today? What was its impact? What effects did it have at the time?
The Hatpin Panic is an important historical event that highlights the struggle of women for equal rights and equal access to public spaces. Although the event occurred 100 years ago, its impact can still be felt today, as it paved the way for modern feminist movements and the ongoing fight for gender equality.
At the time, hat pins were commonly used by women to secure their hats to their hair, which was a common fashion accessory. However, some women began to use longer and sharper hat pins as a means of self-defense against sexual harassment and assault in public spaces. This led to a panic among men, who saw the hat pins as a threat to their dominance and control over public spaces.
As a result, some cities passed laws regulating the length of hat pins that women could wear, while others proposed banning them altogether. This sparked a backlash from women's groups, who saw the hatpin panic as an attack on women's autonomy and right to self-defense.
The impact of the Hatpin Panic was both positive and negative. On the positive side, it brought attention to the issue of sexual harassment and assault in public spaces, and helped to spark a larger movement for women's rights and equality. It also helped to break down traditional gender roles and expectations, as women began to assert themselves more in public spaces.
However, on the negative side, the panic also reinforced gender stereotypes and perpetuated the idea that women were helpless and in need of protection from men. The laws and regulations that were put in place also limited women's ability to defend themselves and contributed to a culture of victim-blaming.
Today, the Hatpin Panic is an important reminder of the ongoing struggle for gender equality and the importance of empowering women to assert their rights and defend themselves against harassment and violence in public spaces. It also highlights the need to challenge traditional gender roles and expectations, and to create a culture of respect and equality for all genders.
Have a Great Day!
-
Engels stated that he aimed to achieve his goals by "enlightening" the proletariat. How
does his thinking represent both continuity and change in regard to Enlightenment
ideas of liberty and reason?
Engels' thinking represents both continuity and change in regard to Enlightenment ideas of liberty and reason.
How does his thinking represent both continuity and change in regard to Enlightenment ideas of liberty and reason?Like the Enlightenment thinkers, Engels believed in the power of reason and the importance of individual freedom. However, he also saw the need for collective action and the importance of the proletariat, the working class, in achieving a more just society.
Engels believed that through education and enlightenment, the proletariat could become conscious of their class interests and work towards their liberation. This idea of collective action for the greater good represents a departure from the individualistic focus of the Enlightenment, but it also builds upon the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and progress.
Read more on Liberty here:https://brainly.com/question/276885
#SPJ1
The act of collecting, processing, and storing information was greatly improved in the 1980s due to —
Answer
A
expanded use of desktop computing
B
growth in mobile telephone technology
C
creation of a trans-Atlantic telephone cable
D
formation of a system of government archives
Sojourner Truth's speech "Ain't I a Woman?" became one of the most famous
speeches of the:
A. women's rights and suffrage movements.
B. women's rights and temperance movements.
OC. abolition and women's rights movements.
D. abolition and temperance movements.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
the speech focuses on the rights of women, which she believed should include the right to vote
Describe image A, what kind of printing technology is being used in this image?
In Image A, the kind of printing technology being used in this image is known as a manual printing.
What does manual printing means in printing technology?In printing technology, the manual printing involves creating prints by hand without the use of mechanical or automated devices which is often used in artistic or craft printing such as in the creation of letterpress or linocut prints.
In manual printing, the printer applies ink onto a plate or block which is then pressed onto paper by hand using a roller or other tool which allows for a high level of control over the final print as the pressure and placement of each print can be adjusted by the printer.
Read more about manual printing
brainly.com/question/19302127
#SPJ1
Based on the analysis of the image presented in the question, this is a form of printing technology known as Etching.
What is Etching?Etching is a form of printing technology that involves the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal.
Generally, the term Etching in printing technology involves an intaglio method of printmaking, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains widely used today.
Some of the famous Etching painters include the following:RembrandtPablo PicassoFrancisco GoyaLouise NevelsonHence, in this case, it is concluded that the correct is Etching printing technology.
Learn more about Etching here: https://brainly.com/question/1909153
#SPJ1
The plurality money in the discretionary budget is spent on (check all that apply):
health care
social security
welfare
education
defense
Answer:
B,D and E
Explanation:
what do many believe to be the u.s.'s biggest foreign policy failure in recent years?
The American foreighn policy has failed in the past to use diplomacy and negotiation to further its goals
Abandoning those living under brutal regimes and denied human rights is seen as a past foreign policy flaw
Many believe that the US has not given enough financial aid to the countries of Africa
The lack of military assistance to those who are fighting Islamic extremests has been a major political failure.
The U.S.'s biggest recent foreign policy failure, as perceived by many, includes failure to prioritize diplomacy, abandonment of oppressed populations, inadequate aid to Africa, and insufficient military assistance against Islamic extremism.
The U.S. foreign policy has faced criticism for its failure to effectively employ diplomacy and negotiation to advance its objectives. Rather than prioritizing diplomatic solutions, the U.S. has been accused of relying too heavily on military interventions, leading to strained relations and unintended consequences.
Another significant foreign policy failure is perceived in the abandonment of people living under oppressive regimes and the failure to adequately address human rights violations. The U.S. has been criticized for not taking stronger actions to support those who are denied basic rights and freedoms, compromising its commitment to human rights principles.Additionally, the U.S. has faced criticism for not providing sufficient financial aid to African countries facing various challenges, such as poverty, disease, and political instability. Many argue that more substantial financial support could contribute to economic development and stability in these regions.Furthermore, the lack of adequate military assistance to those fighting against Islamic extremists has been considered a major political failure. This failure is seen as allowing extremist groups to gain influence and pose threats to regional and global security.These identified failures in U.S. foreign policy have generated significant debate and criticism, highlighting the need for reassessment and improvement in various aspects of America's approach to international relations.
For more questions on foreign policy
https://brainly.com/question/13905961
#SPJ8
Consider the following two options related to one of the old but special machine tools in your machine shop • Option 1: You continue to use the old machine tool that was bought four years ago for $12,000. It has been fully depreciated but can be sold for $2,000. If kept, it could be used for three more years with proper maintenance and with some extra care. No salvage value is expected at the end of three years. The maintenance costs would run $10,000 per year for the old machine tool. • Option 2: You purchase a brand-new machine tool at a price of $15,000 to replace the present equipment. Because of the nature of the product manufactured, it also has an expected economic life of three years and will have a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of that time. With the new machine tool, the expected operating and maintenance costs (with the scrap savings) amount to $3,000 each year for three years. a. For the old machine tools, what would be the amount of sunk cost that should be recognized in replacement analysis? b. What is the opportunity cost of retaining the old machine tool now? c. What is the net incremental benefit (or loss) in present value associated with replacing the old machine tool at an interest rate of 15% ?
How did the free speech movement gain followers in 1969-1965?
If possible add citation please.
After the Reformation, Protestants outnumber Catholics in what part of Europe?
Answer: Northern Europe
Explanation:
how did the haptin panic change America? what was so important about this event?
Answer:
Explanation:
The "Halloween Panic" or "War of the Worlds Panic," often referred to as the Orson Welles Panic, was a significant event in American history that took place on October 30, 1938. The event was a radio broadcast adaptation of H.G. Wells' science fiction novel "The War of the Worlds," which described a Martian invasion of Earth. The broadcast was so realistic that it caused widespread panic and hysteria among listeners who believed it was an actual news broadcast.
The impact of the panic was significant, as it showed how powerful the media can be in shaping public opinion and emotions. The incident led to a renewed focus on the regulation of radio broadcasting and censorship. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was established in 1934, but the "Halloween Panic" highlighted the need for tighter controls on the content of radio broadcasts.
The incident also highlighted the power of propaganda and the need for responsible media practices. The broadcast created a sense of fear and panic among the public, which showed how vulnerable people can be to sensational and false information.
Furthermore, the "Halloween Panic" demonstrated the impact of the media on mass psychology, and it became a case study for understanding the psychology of mass hysteria. The event was studied by psychologists and sociologists to understand how people react to frightening and uncertain situations.
In conclusion, the "Halloween Panic" was an event that changed America by bringing to light the power of the media and the need for responsible media practices. The incident highlighted the importance of regulation and censorship in radio broadcasting, the impact of propaganda on public opinion and mass psychology, and the vulnerability of people to sensational and false information. The event remains an important case study in understanding the psychology of mass hysteria and the impact of the media on society.
PLS MARK ME BRAINLIEST
How does the Constitution grant power to the states?
1. It requires a two-thirds majority vote by state assemblies for all new laws passed in Congress.
2. It grants them any and all of the powers not assigned to the federal government.
3. It grants them permission to create scientific institutes without government oversight.
4. It requires them to decide if each new piece of legislation is acceptable.
Answer:
2. It grants them any and all of the powers not assigned to the federal government.
Explanation:
Option 2 is correct: the Constitution grants power to the states by granting them any and all of the powers not assigned to the federal government. This is known as the principle of federalism, which establishes a division of powers between the federal government and the state governments.
The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution further reinforces this principle by stating that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
This means that the states have significant authority over a range of issues that are not specifically assigned to the federal government, such as education, criminal justice, and public health. States also have the power to regulate commerce within their borders and to tax their own citizens.
The Constitution also establishes a system of checks and balances to ensure that the federal government does not overstep its authority and encroach on the powers of the states. For example, the Commerce Clause of the Constitution gives Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, but it also limits this power by allowing states to regulate commerce within their own borders.
In a parliamentary system of government, how is the leader chosen?
A.
By the political party with the most members in the legislature
B.
By the national court system
C.
By a majority vote of the legislature
D.
In a vote by the citizens
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The Great Wall is one of the most famous historic sites in China, running about 4,300 miles long. Observe the picture at the right. Why did the early Chinese build fires at the various watchtowers along the wall?
1.to keep warm
2.to be able to read in the evening
3.to communicate with the other watchtowers
4.to cook their food
Answer:
C. to communicate with the other watchtowers
Explanation:
What are the negative and positive aspects of Huey Long’s utopia political cartoon
It is significant to highlight that there are many different viewpoints on the viability and acceptability of Huey Long's utopian vision, and that these are only some of the potential positive and negative aspects of his utopian vision.
What exactly was Share Our Wealth?If we distributed our money such that every deserving family had a third of the average wealth, at the very least, that family could have a reasonably comfortable home, a vehicle, a radio, along with other tolerable home luxuries, and a place to send their children to school.
What was the purpose of the Huey Long quiz?a Catholic priest from Michigan who dissed FDR on his radio program. During WWII, his radio show turned into a fiercely anti-Jewish platform, and he was eventually taken off the air. However, before his fascist outbursts, he enjoyed enormous popularity among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.
To know more about political cartoon visit:
https://brainly.com/question/26867792
#SPJ1
Base your answer to this
question on the passage below, and your knowledge of social studies.
With America's sons in the fields far away, with America's future under challenge right here at home, with our hopes and the world's hopes for peace in
the balance every day, I do not believe that I should devote an hour or a day of my time to any personal partisan causes or to any duties other than the
awesome duties of this office the Presidency of your country. Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term
as your President.
- President Lyndon B. Johnson, March 31, 1968
Which action taken by the U.S. Government increased American involvement in the Vietnam War?
1. Marshall Plan
2. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
3. Yalta Conference
4. Nazi-Soviet Pact
What would MOST LIKELY occur more often in a free enterprise economic system that an economic system with centralized this decision making
The most likely to occur more often in a free enterprise economic system that an economic system with centralized this decision making
Market CompetitionEntrepreneurshipConsumer ChoiceHow the factors affects the systemMarket Competition: Characterized by challenging encounters amongst businesses, free enterprise systems urge them to provide commodities and services that conform to consumer expectations at advantageous prices.
Entrepreneurship: Generally, such a framework encourages entrepreneurship among individuals and companies, enabling them to commence novel establishments, assume risks, and pursue profiting prospects.
Consumer Choice: In any free enterprise system, customers are given a broad range of choices concerning products and facilities. Stores plight to captivate consumers, allowing them to pick between various alternatives based on their requirements, tastes, and funds.
Learn more about free enterprise economic at
https://brainly.com/question/30185629
#SPJ1
Do you think Martin Luther knew that this would become such a significant event? Explain with at least 3 sentences. PLEASEEEE
Answer: It is likely that he did not anticipate the full impact of his actions. Initially, Luther likely intended to reform certain aspects of the Catholic Church rather than to start a schism. Furthermore, the printing press, which was crucial in spreading Luther's ideas, was a relatively new technology at the time, and its potential to rapidly disseminate information may not have been fully realized. Lastly, the political, social, and economic factors that contributed to the Reformation were complex and unpredictable, making it difficult to anticipate the magnitude of their impact.
Explanation:
The ponde family's powerjet pumps 420 gallons of water per hour. At this rage, how many gallons of water will it pump 45 minutes?
Okay, here are the steps to solve this problem:
* The ponde family's powerjet pump pumps 420 gallons of water per hour.
* That means it pumps 420 / 60 = 7 gallons per minute.
* In 45 minutes there are 45 / 60 = 3/4 of an hour.
* So in 45 minutes the pump will pump 3/4 * 7 = 5.25 gallons of water.
Rounded to the nearest whole number, in 45 minutes the pump will pump 5 gallons of water.
In your own words, explain why African Americans shifted their political allegiance to the Democratic Party in large numbers during President Roosevelt's administration.
Support
your answer with at least two points of evidence.
African Americans, whose fortunes had been deeply diminished by the Great Depression, suddenly began to pledge their support for President Roosevelt's Democratic Party after he established his broad swath of New Deal policies.
Why African Americans shifted their political allegianceThese legislations provided a plethora of prospects, both immediate as well as future scholastic, to multitudes which included African Americans who were disproportionately affected by these dire economical straits.
The Civilian Conservation Corps thusly rendered realms of career openings to numerous young men while the Works Progress Administration bestowed jobs to millions in varying industries.
Read more on Democratic Party here:https://brainly.com/question/15677280
#SPJ1
Who is responsible for breaking a tie in the Florida Senate?
A. the speaker of the House of Representatives
B. the chief justice of the Supreme Court
C. the lieutenant governor
D. the governor
The lieutenant governor is responsible for breaking a tie in the Florida Senate
Who is responsible for breaking a tie in the Florida Senate?As mandated by the Florida Constitution, as well as specified rules and procedures for the Florida Senate, the state of Florida's Lieutenant Governor is the incumbent cast with breaking ties.
Serving additionally in the capacity as President of the Florida Senate, this presiding officer has the authority to decide a vote on matters, primarily pertaining to legislation, when numbers are divided evenly. This tie-breaking outcome results from the Lieutenant Governor laying down the decisively final choice.
Learn more about Florida Senate at
https://brainly.com/question/9936285
#SPJ1
Justice
1. Why are symbols important in a poem? Explain what some of the symbols mean, and how they add to the meaning of the poem.
2. Why are symbols important in the life of a nation? What do people get from the symbols of a nation?
3. Why does the poem describe the Philippines as "my uncertain country"?
4. What does the simile, "right and wrong can be shuffled like cards" mean?
What does this mean when it comes to any of the following: politics and politicians, the police, and the justice system?
5. What is the poem trying to say about the difference between justice in the Philippines and justice anywhere else?
6. Of all the objects that Justice owns, which one do you think is the most important? Why?
7. Why does Justitia look like she is fading in the painting, "Is this Philippine Justice"?
Symbols hold significance in poetry due to their ability to convey nuanced feelings and concepts memorably and succinctly.
What is an example of the use of symbols in a poem?For instance, peace is commonly represented by a dove while deceit is often symbolized by a snake. Within the discussed poem, several symbolic representations pertaining to justice feature prominently such as Lady Justice: the blindfolded archetype of impartiality & scales depicting equitable balance; whilst potentially deadly sword representing enforcement against wrongdoing.
National symbols - for example flags or anthems - represent integral parts of any nation's collective identity and origins, fostering patriotism, pride and unity among citizens. They offer reminders on past victories, historical events, cultural mores or ethical values, stirring aspirations toward effective progress and change.
In the said poetic piece, the Philippines holds reference as "my uncertain country" because a legacy of unstable social and political unrest propagated anxiety about where the approachable future leads regarding its development. This unsettled soul-searching echoes experiences incumbent upon most Filipinos living amidst plagued times.
The figure of speech wherein “right and wrong can be shuffled like cards” illustrates contexts whereby delineation between ethical right versus wrong action blurs or may altogether reverse.
Extending this metaphorical limit encompasses politicians prioritizing own concerns over the well-being of constituents, a corrupt judiciary or occurrences whereby law enforcers contribute to illegal deeds. The idiom ultimately conveys how upholding belief in fair judgment necessitates constant vigilance from all concerned towards systemic fairness preservation.
Read more about poems here:
https://brainly.com/question/9086116
#SPJ1
What was the forced migration of 16,000 Cherokee in 1839 called?
O A.
OB.
O c.
O D.
the Liberator
the Underground Railroad
the Indian Removal Act
the Trail of Tears
HELP QUICKLY PLEASE! 20+ POINTS!!! WILL MARK BRAINLIEST
• Define and explain Foreign Direct Investment. What is the difference between a closed and open Economy? How would they obtain the financing for investment?
•What are Menu costs? how have they affected your purchasing power?
Answer: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to the investment made by a company or individual from one country into a business or organization located in another country. FDI can take various forms, including acquiring an existing company, establishing a new company or joint venture, or purchasing a significant portion of the company's shares.
The difference between a closed and open economy lies in the level of international trade and investment. A closed economy is one that has limited international trade and investment and relies mainly on domestic production and consumption. In contrast, an open economy is one that actively participates in international trade and investment, with a high level of imports and exports and foreign investment.
Financing for investment in both closed and open economies can come from various sources, including personal savings, bank loans, government grants, venture capital, and FDI. In a closed economy, financing may be more limited due to the limited sources of funding available. In contrast, an open economy has access to a broader range of financing options, including foreign investment and loans from international banks.
Menu costs refer to the costs incurred by firms when they change the prices of their goods or services. These costs can include printing new menus, changing price tags, updating electronic systems, and other administrative expenses. Menu costs can affect purchasing power by leading to higher prices for goods and services, which can reduce the value of currency and increase inflation. For example, if a restaurant experiences an increase in menu costs, it may have to raise its prices to cover the additional expenses, leading to higher costs for customers.
Explanation:
How was war in the ancient era different from the forms of modern (industrial) warfare that have emerged in the past 120 years (WW1, WW2)? How are weapons today different from ancient weapons?
Answer:
Ancient warfare was more centered on the organization than technology. During ancient warfare, mass was the key element for battles. Ancient warfare began before history was recorded to the end of the ancient period1. The difference between prehistoric and ancient warfare is more organization-oriented than technology-oriented2. The development of first city-states, and then empires, allowed warfare to change dramatically
Explanation: