The freezing point depression formula is ΔTf = Kf ·m, where ΔTf is the freezing point depression, Kf is the cryoscopic constant, and m is the molality of the solution.
The temperature when a liquid changes into a solid is known as the freezing point.. It is the temperature at which the molecules of the liquid become less active and form a solid structure. For a given substance, the freezing point is usually the same as the melting point, the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.Other substances have different freezing points; for example, oxygen freezes at -218°C (-361°F) and hydrogen at -259°C (-434°F). Freezing point is an important concept in the study of thermodynamics, as it is the point at which the energy of a system changes form and the phase of the substance changes.
ΔTf is the difference between the freezing point of the pure solvent and the freezing point of the solution. Kf is the change in freezing point per mole of solute. m is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
In other words, the freezing point depression formula can be used to calculate the freezing point of a solution based on the freezing point of the pure solvent and the molality of the solute.
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What i the chief difference between two identical clay tile if one i hot and i cold
The chief difference between two identical clay tiles, if one is hot and one is cold, is in the amount of heat energy each contains.
Heat energy is a form of energy that is transferred from one object to another, and in this case, the hot tile contains more heat energy than the cold tile. Heat energy is transferred from one object to another through a process called conduction.
When one object is hotter than another, heat energy is transferred from the hotter object to the cooler object until both objects reach the same temperature. In the case of the two clay tiles, the hotter tile will transfer its heat energy to the cooler tile until the tiles reach the same temperature.
The amount of heat energy each tile has can also be measured. Heat energy is measured in joules, and the hotter tile will have a higher number of joules than the cooler tile. To measure the amount of heat energy each tile contains, a thermometer can be used, which will measure the temperature of each tile and then calculate the amount of heat energy each tile contains.
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the synthesis of ch3oh(g) from co(g) and h2(g) is represented by the equation above. the value of kc for the reaction at 483 k is 14.5. a mixture of co(g) and h2(g) is pumped into a previously evacuated 2.0 l reaction vessel. the total pressure of the reaction system is 1.2 atm at equilibrium. what will be the total equilibrium pressure of the system if the volume of the reaction vessel is reduced to 1.0 l at constant temperature? responses less than 1.2 atm less than 1.2 atm greater than 1.2 atm but less than 2.4 atm greater than 1.2 atm but less than 2.4 atm 2.4 atm 2.4 atm greater than 2.4 atm
According to Boyle's law which is a law for constant temperature the the total equilibrium pressure of the system if the volume of the reaction vessel is reduced to 1.0 l is 2.4 atmospheres.
What is Boyle's law?Boyle's law is an experimental gas law which describes how the pressure of the gas decreases as the volume increases. It's statement can be stated as, the absolute pressure which is exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume provided temperature and amount of gas remains unchanged.
Mathematically, it can be stated as,
P∝1/V or PV=K. The equation states that the product of of pressure and volume is constant for a given mass of gas and the equation holds true as long as temperature is maintained constant.
According to the equation the unknown pressure and volume of any one gas can be determined if two gases are to be considered.That is,
P₁V₁=P₂V₂
Substitution in above equation gives P₂=1.2×2/1=2.4 atmospheres.
Hence, the total equilibrium pressure of the system if the volume of the reaction vessel is reduced to 1.0 l is 2.4 atmospheres.
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Which of the representative elements tend to form positive ions which tend to form negative ions?
The elements tend to form positive ions which tend to form negative ions is known as a metal.
Metals as we know are the most common elements that produce positive ions. This is because of a metals' low electronegativity. Positive ions can be formed by nonmetals as well, but this is no very common they generally form negative ions known as anions.
Metals are reactive in nature and tends to gain stability be reacting with other elements and losing electrons to form cations.
The reactivity series of metals is a series using which we can see which metal has the highest and which metal has the lowest reactivity.
The given question is incomplete I have answered it as per my general knowledge.
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What is the ratio of rms velocities of the molecules of two gases A and B?
The required ratio of rms velocities of the molecules of two gases A and B is 1:4.
What is Root mean square velocity of gas molecules?Root mean square (R.M.S.) speed of a gas is a square base of the normal of the square of speed. In that capacity, it has units of speed. R.M.S. = M3RT. where R = gas consistent, T = temperature (in K), M = molar mass of the gas.
According to question:
We have,
M1 = 16, M2 = 2, T1 = 200k, T2 = 400K
Vrms = root(3RT/M)
Here,
Va/Vb =[tex]\sqrt\frac{200*2}{16*400} }[/tex]
Va/Vb= 1:4
R is constant
Thus, Required ratio is 1:4
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Q. What is the ratio of rms velocities of the molecules of two gases A and B whose molecular weights are 400 and 200 gm/mol respectively?
Mass of a MgCO3 molecule in kg? (1.00 amu = 1.66 x 10^(-24) g)
To find the mass of a MgCO3 molecule in kilograms, you can first determine the molar mass of MgCO3 in grams/mol, and then divide that value by the conversion factor between grams and kilograms.
The molar mass of a substance is the mass of one mole of that substance, and it is typically expressed in grams/mol. The molar mass of MgCO3 is 84.311 g/mol. This can be calculated by adding up the atomic weights of the individual elements in the molecule:
Mg: 24.305 g/mol
C: 12.01 g/mol
O: 16.00 g/mol
Total: 52.315 g/mol
To find the mass of one MgCO3 molecule in kilograms, you can divide the molar mass of MgCO3 (84.311 g/mol) by the conversion factor between grams and kilograms, which is 1000 g/kg. This gives you a mass of 0.08431 kg/mol for MgCO3.
To find the mass of a single MgCO3 molecule in kilograms, you would need to divide this value by Avogadro's number, which is the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance. Avogadro's number is 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol or molecules/mol.
So the mass of a single MgCO3 molecule in kilograms would be:
(0.08431 kg/mol) / (6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mol) = 1.40 x 10^(-25) kg
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any questions.
Does pewter keep drinks cold?
As a hardening agent, pewter is a tin-based alloy with varying quantities of antimony, bismuth, copper, and lead.
Describe pewter.As a hardening agent, pewter is a tin-based alloy with varying quantities of antimony, bismuth, copper, and lead.
Pewter drinkware maintains liquids at their ideal temperatures for a longer period of time, whether they are hot or cold. A Lovely And Enjoyable Lifetime.
Pewter drinkware maintains liquids at their ideal temperatures for a longer period of time, whether they are hot or cold.
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How many atoms are in MgO?
There are total 3 atoms in MgO, in which 1 atom is of Magnesium and 1 atom is of Oxygen.
Atom
An atom is a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element. An atom consists of a central nucleus that is surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is positively charged and contains one or more relatively heavy particles known as protons and neutrons.
Nucleus
The nucleus is a positively charged region at the center of the atom. It consists of two types of subatomic particles packed tightly together.
The particles are protons, which have a positive electric charge, and neutrons, which are neutral in electric charge.
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Question 2 Draw The Major Product Of The Elimination Reaction Shown.
An elimination reaction can have two products major and minor which are shown in the attached diagram below.
What is an elimination reaction?An elimination reaction can be described as a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are eliminated from a molecule in either a one- or two-step mechanism.
The one-step mechanism is called the E₂ reaction, and the two-step mechanism is called the E₁ reaction. The kinetics of the reaction: E₂ is bimolecular or second-order while E₁ is a unimolecular or first-order reaction.
In cases where the molecule is capable to stabilize an anion but has a poor leaving group, a third type of reaction, E₁-CB.
The E₂ mechanism involves a one-step mechanism in which carbon-hydrogen and carbon-halogen bonds break to prepare a double bond.
E₁ stands for unimolecular elimination where the carbon-halogen bond breaks to give a carbocation intermediate and then deprotonation of the carbocation.
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Does Cupid have a gender?
They gave him the name Cupid, which is another name for Eros and also means "desire."For the Romans, Cupid was usually a cute little lad who carried out his mother's instructions to make individuals fall in love.
Does Cupid have a female counterpart?Eros (Roman Cupid), the deity of love, and his wife PSYKHE (Psyche), the goddess of a soul.She was originally a mortal princess, and when mankind started to worship her instead of the goddess Aphrodite (Roman Venus), the goddess became enraged.
Who is the daughter of Cupid?According to Apuleius, Voluptas and Volupta is indeed the daughter of Cupid and Psyche in Roman mythology.The Latin term voluptas, which is also known as that of the goddess for "sensual pleasures," signifies "pleasure" or "delight."She frequently hangs out with the Gratiae, also known as the Three Graces.
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Kinetic energy can come from other sources of energy. True False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Sources include renewable energy sources such as the sun, wind, water, and geothermal heat. However, we also use artificial sources generated by humans, such as walking, vehicle motion, and system vibration.
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Explain the processes involved in the flow of water, both above and below the ground. Be sure to use at least 5 vocabulary terms in your paragraph.
The hydrologic cycle, another name for the water cycle, describes where and how water is kept on Earth.
How the flow of water regulated?In the atmosphere, on the surface of the land, and underground, water is kept in reserve. It could be a gas, a liquid, or a solid. Either fresh or salt water can be a liquid (salty).
Water flows between its storage locations. It flows on both extremely tiny scales and very big scales (via watersheds, the atmosphere, and below the Earth's surface) (in people, in plants, and in other organisms).
Water flows both naturally and as a result of human activity. The motion of water on Earth is sustained by the force of gravity and solar energy. The water cycle is impacted by human activity because it changes where water is.
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calcium nitrate and ammonium fluoride react to form calcium fluoride, dinitrogen monoxide, and water vapor. what mass of each substance is present after 13.36 g of calcium nitrate and 13.92 g of ammonium fluoride react completely?
The mass of each substances are Calcium nitrate = 0.08146 mole, Ammonium fluoride = 0.37 mole , Calcium fluoride = 6.3538 g, Dinitrogen monoxide=7.16848 g and Water= 5.86512 g
Ca(NO3)2 + 2 NH4F → CaF2 + 2 N2O + 4 H2O.
1. convert the given reactant mass into moles.
Calcium nitrate : 13.36/164=0.08146 mole
Ammonium Fluoride : 13.92/37 = 0.37 mole
One mole of Ca(NO3)2 completely reacts with 2 moles of
Ammonium Fluoride = 2 x 0.08146 =0.16292.
mole of NH4F reacts completely with calcium nitrate .
Ammonium Fluoride left = 0.37 - 0.16292 = 0.20708 mole
= 0.20708x 37 = 7.66 g is left.
Calcium nitrate is the limiting reagent:
Amount of CaF2 formed = 0.08146 mole * 78 = 6.3538 g.
(since one mole of Calcium nitrate gives one mole of CaF2).
Amount of dinitrogen monoxide formed = 0.08146x2x44= 7.16848 g
Amount of water formed =0.08146x4x18= 5.86512 g.
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According to the nemst equation, when ecell = 0 then: _______
(A) Q=K (B) K=1 (C) AG=0 (D) Ecell = 0
According to the Nerst equation, when Ecell = 0 then : A) Q = K, the nerst equation is then :
log Keq = (n E°) / (0.0592 V)
The Nerst equation is given as follows :
E cell = E°cell - (0.0592 V / n ) log Q
the electrical potential of the cell is depend on the Q, that reaction quotient of the reaction. at equilibrium ΔG = 0 . the reaction quotient Q = K and from the equation , ΔG = -nFE , ans E = 0, now the nerst equation is given as :
0 = E° - ( RT / nF ) ln K
0 = E° - ( 0.0592 V / n) log K
log K = (n E°) / (0.0592 V)
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An action potential is self-
Answer:
Action potentials are self-regenerating
Aldol Condensation Mechanism. Cyclopentanone Reacted With Trans-Cinnamaldehyde
The aldol condensation is a chemical reaction that occurs between a carbonyl compound and an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound to form a new carbon-carbon bond, resulting in the formation of a new molecule. This reaction is an example of a crossed aldol reaction because the two starting compounds are not structurally similar.
In the case of cyclopentanone reacting with trans-cinnamaldehyde, the reaction occurs in the following steps:
Protonation of the alpha carbon of the trans-cinnamaldehyde by a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid (HCl). This step creates a resonance-stabilized carbanion intermediate.Attack of the carbanion intermediate on the carbonyl carbon of the cyclopentanone, forming a tetrahedral intermediate.Deprotonation of the intermediate by a base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form the aldol product.Dehydration of the aldol product forms the final product, which is a conjugated enone. This step is typically carried out by heating the mixture in the presence of an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4).Learn more about Aldol Condensation here: brainly.com/question/27178362
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What is the relationship between the two structures shown? A. enantiomers B. diastereomers C. constitutional isomers D. identical Enter Your Answer: A DB oc OD
The relationship between the given structures is that they are enantiomers. Therefore, option A is correct.
What are enantiomers?In chemistry, an enantiomer also called an optical isomer is one of two stereoisomers that are non-superposable onto their own mirror image. Enantiomers are much like when looking at the same face one's right and left hands, they cannot be superposed with each other.
The asymmetric atom is a type of stereocenter that refers exclusively to a chirality center. Compounds that consist of one of the asymmetric atoms are always chiral.
No amount of reorientation will allow the 4 unique groups on the chiral carbon. The number of stereoisomers has can be determined by the number of chiral carbons in it. Stereoisomers have types both enantiomers and diastereomers.
Diastereomers share the same molecular formula as enantiomers and are non-superposable however, they do not mirror images of each other.
A chiral molecule rotates plane-polarized light. A mixture of equal amounts of each enantiomer, a racemic mixture does not rotate the light.
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which statement is not true about ionic bonds
Ionic bonds do not follow the rule that an ion has the same number of electrons as a nonionic atom of the same element.
Chemical bonds known as ionic bonds produce two ions with opposing charges. The entire transfer of valence electrons between atoms is referred to be this bonding. A molecule or compound is created when two atoms combine through a chemical link. Furthermore, they are connected by this relationship. The fact that this link can be ionic or covalent is most notable. Ionic bonds also involve the donation of an electron from one atom to another for stability. In covalent connections, however, the electrons and the atoms are shared. Between a metal and a non-metal, an ionic connection develops in which the non-metal draws the electron from the other atom.
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What kind of software is available for assessing the carbon footprint?
There are several types of software available for assessing the carbon footprint of a company, organization, or individual. These tools can help users track their GHG emissions and set reduction targets.
Carbon footprint calculators: These tools allow users to estimate their GHG emissions by entering information about their energy use, transportation, waste, and other relevant factors. Some calculators are specific to a particular sector or industry, while others are more general.Carbon accounting software: This type of software helps users track their GHG emissions over time and set reduction targets. It may include features such as data management, reporting, and verification.Life cycle assessment (LCA) software: LCA software is used to assess the environmental impacts of a product or service from raw material extraction to disposal. It can be used to quantify GHG emissions at different stages of a product's life cycle.Supply chain software: This type of software is used to track the environmental impacts of a company's supply chain, including GHG emissions. It may include features such as data management, reporting, and supplier assessment.Learn more about carbon footprint here:
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Where are the valence electrons of neon?
Answer:
Neon Z=10
Explanation:
Neon has eight valence electrons, this closed she'll configuration makes neon supremely difficult to oxidized and difficult to reduce
What is the percent composition of a compound formed when 4.96 g of bromine combines with lithium to form 5.39 g of lithium bromide?
The mass of lithium required to react with 4.96 g of bromine is 0.372 g. The number of moles of each reactant is 0.062. Therefore the percentage composition of each element in the product is 50%.
What is percentage composition?The percentage composition of a compound is the weight percentage of each element present in the compound contributing to the total weight of the compound.
The reaction between lithium and bromine gas is given below:
[tex]\rm Br_{2} + 2 Li \rightarrow 2LiBr[/tex]
As per this reaction one mole bromine gas reacts with 2 moles of Li.
mass of Br₂ = 160 g/mol
mass of Li = 6 g/mol
for 2 Li = 12 g/mol
160 g of Br reacts with 12 g of Li. Thus, mass of Li required by 4.96 g of bromine gas is:
4.96 × 12 / 160 = 0.372 g.
The number of moles of Br = 4.96/ 80 = 0.062
no. of moles of Li = 0.372 / 6 = 0.062
The number of moles of each element is equal and hence, the percentage composition is 50 % each of Li and Br.
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Bromine makes up 92.1% of the compound, while the remaining 7.9% is made up of lithium.
What is percent composition?Percent composition is a way of expressing the proportion of each element in a compound as a percentage of the total weight of the compound.
To find the percent composition of an element in a compound, divide the weight of the element in the compound by the total weight of the compound, and then multiply by 100%.
In this case, the weight of bromine in the compound is 4.96 g, and the total weight of the compound is 5.39 g. Therefore, the percent composition of bromine in the compound is:
[tex](4.96 g / 5.39 g) * 100% = 92.1%[/tex]
This means that bromine makes up 92.1% of the compound, while the remaining 7.9% is made up of lithium.
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2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of carbon that allows for the great variety of
organic compounds?
Carbon is able to form single, double, and triple bonds.
Carbon is able to form strong bonds with other carbon atoms.
Carbon possesses four valence electrons.
Carbon has a larger atomic radius than other Group 14 elements.
rhon ond
Answer:d
Explanation:
d
a liquid is in equilibrium with its vapor. if some of the vapor is allowed to escape, what effect, if any, is there on the condensation or vaporization rate?
When some of the vapor is allowed to escape, the pressure of the vapor will decrease, resulting in a decrease in the rate of condensation.
This is because the vapor pressure is directly proportional to the rate of condensation. Since the pressure of the vapor is lower, it is less likely for the molecules to collide and condense.
Furthermore, the rate of vaporization will increase since the pressure inside the container is lower. This is because when the pressure is lower, the molecules require less energy to escape the liquid, thus increasing the rate of vaporization.
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The condensation rate will initially be higher than the vaporization rate.
When a liquid is in equilibrium with its vapor and some of the vapor is allowed to escape, the condensation rate will initially be higher than the vaporization rate. This is because the vapor pressure in the system has decreased due to the escape of some vapor.
To re-establish equilibrium, the liquid will increase its vaporization rate to produce more vapor. As the vaporization rate increases, it will eventually match the condensation rate again, and the system will return to equilibrium. So, initially, there is an effect on the condensation and vaporization rates, but the system will adjust to restore the equilibrium between the two rates.
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QUESTION 39 CH3CO2H is called acetic acid. The name implies that
O a. It does not react with either acids or bases.
O b. It can donate an H+ ion to a base, and forms CH3CO2-
O c. It can react with acids, but does not react with bases.
O d. It can accept an H+ ion from a base, and forms CH3CO2H2+
O e. It can donate an electron to a base, and forms CH3CO2H+
Option B. Acetic acid has the formula C2H4O2. In order to distinguish it from its isomers, it is frequently written with CH3CO2.
Then, is CH3COOH a base or an acid. Because the ions in CH 3 COOH do not fully ionise to release H + ions when they are dissolved in water, it is a weak acid. As a result, there are less hydrogen ions in the acetic acid's final solution, which ultimately results in a weak acid.
Since CH3COOH does not release any OH- ions when dissolved in water, it is not an Arrhenius base. According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory for bases, a base is defined as a chemical that absorbs the proton from other molecules and uses it to form a conjugate acid.
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Based on the differences in electronegativities, with which atom is francium (fr) most likely to form an ionic bond?
Answer: An ionic bond will be most likely formed between francium and chlorine having an electronegativity difference of 2.46.
Explanation:
Write Lewis structures for the following molecules or ions. (Assign lone pairs, radical electrons, and atomic charges where appropriate.)F2CNH
Lewis structures of F2CNH is F2 - C - N - H.
The octet rule is a theory that describes how atoms share electrons so that each atom has eight electrons in its outer shell. This idea. is the foundation. of a Lewis. structure. An oxygen. atom, has six electrons. in its outer. shell. The arrangement of the atoms or molecules is given structure by the Lewis Dot Structure, which is represented by a pattern of dots, lines, and atomic symbols. A single atom, a covalent molecule, or a polyatomic ion can all be given a Lewis Dot Structure. The bonding between a molecule's atoms and its lone pairs of electrons is depicted in Lewis structures, also called Lewis-dot diagrams. Lewis structures can be combined with hybrid models to predict molecular geometry.
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Why do we calculate rms velocity?
The explanation we utilize the rms velocity rather than the normal is that for a commonplace gas test the typical speed is zero since the particles are moving every which way.
What is rms velocity?Root mean square (RMS) velocity is the square base of the amount of the squares of the stack speed values partitioned by the quantity of values. RMS speed is the speed of a wave going through underground developments at various span speeds along a given beam way.
For flat or marginally inclined layers, NMO and stacking speed are equivalent to RMS speed. In any case, in regions with huge parallel speed varieties, the stack velocity contrasts essentially from the RMS speed.
Conduction is the minuscule temperature inclination of the root-mean-square speed of issue. This substance can be either strong, fluid, or gas.
The explanation we utilize the rms velocity rather than the normal is that for a regular gas test the typical speed is zero since the particles are moving every which way.
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What are scope 4 carbon emissions?
The emission of carbon that are avoided are called scope 4 Carbon emission.
The scope for Carbon emissions are those emissions of carbon which are reduced or avoided.
They can also be defined as the reductions that have occurred outside of a products complete cycle or the value chain.
The product cycle are those which are related to the manufacturing cycle of the carbon related products.
Collectively all the greenhouse emissions that are avoided or which are reduced to a very significant level are known as scope 4 emissions.
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The shielding effects help to explain:
why it is easier to take electrons from higher energy levels (these are larger atoms)
why it is easier to take electrons from smaller atoms
why it is harder to take electrons from higher energy levels (these are larger atoms)
The shielding effects help to explain why it is easier to take electrons from smaller atoms. Due to the fact that as the shielding effect increases, the ionization energy decreases.
what is shielding effects?
The shielding effect looks at how electrons closer to the nucleus tries to shield the electrons farther away from the positive charge of the nucleus which is the reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, as a result of difference in the attractive force.
what is electron shielding?
In a simple term Electron shielding is described as the blocking of valence shell electron attraction by the nucleus, which is as a result of the presence of inner-shell electrons.
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What will happen if there is a greater concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?
The greater concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria more will be the more ATP production by ATP synthetase.
The high external H+ ions concentration influences concentration within intermembrane space, which increases the amount of ATP produced by ATP synthase. The functioning of ATP synthase solely depend on the gradient of H+ ion concenteration. This gradient must have a high concentration in the intermembrane space and a low concentration in the matrix. H+ cannot flow through the outer membrane of the mitochondria but can do so through the inner membrane. By putting mitochondria in a low pH buffer, an H+ gradient is created, which ATP synthase can use to synthesize ATP.
Hence, movement of H + across ATP synthase generates ATP.
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How many magnesium atoms are in MgO?
MgO contains three atoms in total, of which one is Mg and one was O.
Therefore, MgO contains only 1 atom of magnesium.
A chemical element was uniquely defined by its atoms, which are tiny pieces of substance. An atom is made up of a core nucleus and one or even more electrons with negative charges that orbit it. The positively charged, comparatively hefty protons as well as neutrons that make up the nucleus may be present.
The positively charged nucleus is located in the middle of an atom. It must be composed of two types of closely grouped subatomic particles.
Protons, which possess a positive electric charge, as well as neutrons, that have no electric charge, are just particles.
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